Figure 1.

Relationships between vascular plants with an emphasis on the ferns as summarized from morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Topology summarizes the results of previously published studies (Kenrick and Crane, 1997; Doyle, 1998; Pryer et al., 2001; Schuettpelz et al., 2007). Branches in gray correspond to exclusively fossil lineages. Names in quotation marks indicate presumed paraphyletic lineages. Only the fern families mentioned in the text are included here, for a complete fern family phylogeny see Smith et al. (2006).