. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 4.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13(4):411–421. doi: 10.2174/1568026611313040002

Table 1.

Physical and magnetic properties of selected Gd-based nanoparticles and macromolecules

Nanoparticle	Hydrodynamic diameter(nm)/MW(KDa)	#Gd/particle	r₁/Gd (mM⁻¹s⁻¹)	r₁/particle (mM⁻¹s⁻¹)	Relaxivity density	ref.
Poly(L-lysine)-gadolentetate dimeglumine	480 KDa	40	10.8 (0.4T, 39 °C)	432	0.9 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/KDa)	[31]
Gd-DTPA-dextran	75 KDa	187	10.5 (0.25T, 37°C)	1,964	26.2 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/KDa)	[36]
Cascade-Gd-DTPA-24	30 KDa	24	10 (2T, 37 °C)	240	8 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/KDa)	[42, 46]
Gd-polydisulfide copolymer (cystine) GDCP	22 KDa	35	6.8 (3.0T)	238	10.8 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/KDa)	[47–51]
G5-PAMAM dendrimer	5.4 nm/118 KDa	96	30 (20 MHz, 23°C)	2,880	34.9 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³) 24.4 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/KDa)	[53]
G10-PAMAM dendrimer	13.5 nm/3000 KDa	1860	36 (20 MHz, 23°C)	66,960	51.8 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³) 22.3 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/KDa)	[53]
Dendrimer nanocluster (DNC)	150 nm	300,000	12.3 (1.41T, 40°C)	3,600,000	2.0 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[58, 59]
Paramagnetic porous polymersome	130 nm	40,000	7.5 (1.41T, 40°C)	300,000	0.26 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[67, 68]
Micelle (shell-crosslinked knedel-like (SCK) nanoparticle	40±3 nm	513	39 (0.47T, 40°C)	20,000	0.6 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[74]
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion Gd-MeO-DOTA-PE	190 nm	49,329	29.8 (0.47T, 40°C)	1,470,000	0.4 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[78]
PEG-US-Gd₂O₃	2.8±1.1 nm	200	9.4 (1.5T, 20°C)	1880	163.6 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[87]
Gadonanotube	20–80 nm	100	180 (1.5T, 37°C)	18000	0.21 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[91]
Virus-like particle (VLP) P22_S39C-xAEMA-Gd	71±3 nm	9,100±800	22 (1.4T)	200,000	1.07 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[95, 96]
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) nanoparticle	26.3 nm	180	8.1±0.19 (60MHz,40°C)	1440	0.15 (mM⁻¹s⁻¹/nm³)	[99]