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. 2011 Dec 1;10(4):754–762.

Table 1.

Unilateral values (Mean ± SD) for the variables of vGRFmax, vGRFmean (outside phase); vGRFmin, vGRFmean (inside phase); vGRFmin, vGRFmean (edge changing phase) determined by pressure insoles (PI) and force plates (FP) depending on the test situations: expert (n=10) vs. intermediate (n=10) level skiers, low vs. high dynamic skiing modes, on 15° (flat) vs. 23° (steep) slopes. When global significances for the factor “system” were observed, paired-sample t-tests between the force determined by the FP and the PI were additionally carried out. Significant differences between the systems are indicated by

Expert group Intermediate group Interaction Interaction Interaction
High dynamic skiing mode Low dynamic skiing mode High dynamic skiing mode Low dynamic skiing mode System x
level		 System x
mode		 System x
slope
Variable Unit System Flat slope Steep slope Flat slope Steep slope Flat slope Steep slope Flat slope Steep slope p ηp2 p ηp2 p ηp2
vGRFmean [N/BW] PI .87 (.14) .82 (.17) .83 (.16) .78 (.18) .90 (.16) .78 (.14) .86 (.16) .79 (.18) .02 .29 .00 .39 .00 .79
FP 1.26 (.08)* 1.15 (.08)* 1.27 (.08)* 1.18 (.10)* 1.18 (.13)* 1.01 (.11)* 1.15 (.11)* 1.04 (.10)*
vGRFmax [N/BW] PI 1.16 (.18) 1.22 (.21) 1.03 (.12) 1.06 (.18) 1.19 (.22) 1.11 (.21) 1.12 (.20) 1.09 (.25) .00 .59 .39 .04 .06 .19
FP 1.91 (.18)* 2.05 (.20)* 1.76 (.09)* 1.86 (.13)* 1.68 (.25)* 1.61 (.21)* 1.59 (.14)* 1.60 (.20)*
vGRFmean [N/BW] PI .42 (.13) .42 (.15) .32 (.12) .32 (.14) .39 (.07) .36 (.08) .34 (.08) .31 (.09) .65 .01 .00 .42 .10 .15
FP .56 (.09)* .62 (.13)* .48 (.09)* .49 (.13)* .51 (.05)* .53 (.06)* .45 (.03) .45 (.05)*
vGRFmin [N/BW] PI .30 (.11) .26 (.13) .21 (.09) .21 (.10) .27 (.06) .23 (.05) .21 (.06) .16 (.07) .39 .04 .29 .07 .00 .44
FP .27 (.04) .15 (.09) .26 (.06) .26 (.10) .26 (.08) .20 (.10) .27 (.06) .19 (.11)
vGRFmean [N/BW] PI .60 (.13) .49 (.14) .58 (.19) .49 (.19) .54 (.12) .41 (.12) .49 (.11) .42 (.11) .04 .22 .00 .58 .01 .38
FP .76 (.09)* .60 (.12)* .83 (.22)* .67 (.18* .62 (.14) .49 (.11) .62 (.12) .53 (.129
vGRFmin [N/BW] PI .36 (.13) .30 (.14)* .31 (.16) .26 (.12) .33 (.10) .23 (.08)* .31 (.10) .23 (.11) .19 .10 .00 .58 .00 .60
FP .34 (.10) .15 (.09) .37 (.10) .26 (.11) .27 (.10) .09 (.08) .31 (.11) .15 (.14)

* Interaction effects (2 skier’s groups ×(2 systems ∙2 skiing modes ∙2 pitches)) repeated ANOVA) are indicated by the level of significance (p) and effect size (ηp2). Data are means (±SD).