Table 1.
Tennis forehand kinematics (mean ± SD) of elite and high performance players in the cross court (Cross) and down the line (DL) situation.
| Elite (n=6) | High Performance (n=7) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Cross | Dl | Mean | Cross | DL | Mean |
| Maximum angular displacement (°) | ||||||
| Shoulder alignment (°) | 195.9 (10.8) | 195.8 (10.2) | 195.8 (10.0) | 194.5 (8.4) | 197.5 (8.7) | 196.0 (8.4) |
| Hip alignment (°) | 170.4 (9.4) | 174.7 (10.4) # | 172.6 (9.7) | 164.1 (9.3) | 171.1 (7.2) # | 167.6 (8.8) |
| Racquet angle (°) | 193.5 (24.5) | 197.5 (22.6) # | 195.5 (22.6) | 188.0 (17.3) | 195.8 (17.8) #† | 191.9 (17.4) |
| Wrist extension (°) | 89.6 (11.3) | 87.7 (10.0) | 88.7 (10.2) | 84.6 (7.1) | 84.4 (9.4) | 84.5 (7.8) |
| Separation angle (°) | -28.7 (9.5) # | -25.4 (8.9) | -27.0 (8.9) | -34.7 (10.1) # | -31.2 (9.9) | -33.0 (9.8) |
| Maximum velocity (m·s-1) | ||||||
| Hip (m·s-1) | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.3) |
| Shoulder (m·s-1) | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.4) * | 2.6 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.4) |
| Elbow (m·s-1) | 6.3 (0.6) | 6.2 (0.6) | 6.3 (0.6) | 6.0 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.5) | 5.9 (0.5) |
| Wrist (m·s-1) | 11.1 (0.7) | 10.9 (0.9) | 11.0 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.8) | 10.0 (1.1) | 10.3 (1.0) |
| Racquet head-horizontal (m·s-1) | 34.4 (2.3) # | 31.7 (1.7) | 33.1 (2.4) * | 32.5 (0.9) # | 29.7 (1.4) | 31.1 (1.9) |
| Racquet head-vertical (m·s-1) | 18.3 (2.4) | 19.2 (2.9) † | 18.7 (2.6) | 19.3 (1.2) | 19.0 (1.6) | 19.2 (1.3) |
| Maximum angular velocity (°/s) | ||||||
| Shoulder int.rot. (°/s) | 825 (53) | 762 (100) | 793.7 (83.0) | 803 (233) | 780 (220) | 791.4 (218.1) |
| Elbow extension (°/s) | 279 (102) | 276 (99) | 277.5 (95.9) | 319 (42) | 306 (58) | 312.5 (49.0) |
| Trunk rot. (°/s) | 757 (45) | 733 (112) | 745.0 (82.1) | 748 (68) | 708 (75) | 728.0 (71.7) |
| Pelvis rot. (°/s) | 547 (36) # | 534 (47) | 540.5 (40.5) | 521 (63) # | 490 (64) | 505.2 (63.2) |
| Rear leg extension (°/s) | -237 (66) | -223 (63) | -230.2 (61.7) | -291 (107) | -250 (71) | -270.3 (89.7) |
* Elite group tends to be different from High Performance group: shoulder (F = 8.454, p = 0.014, η2 = 0.435), and racquet head (F = 5.371, p = 0.041, η2 = 0.328).
# Main shot effect: hip alignment (F= 26.912, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.710), racquet angle (F = 47.583, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.812), separation angle (F = 28.916, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.724), racquet head velocity (F = 68.203, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.861); tendency: pelvis rotation (F = 5.982, p = 0.032, η2 = 0.352).
† Interaction effect tendency with Racquet angle of High Performance DL different to Cross (F = 5.041, p = 0.046, η2 = 0.314) and with racquet head vertical velocity of Elite DL different to Cross (F = 4.934, p = 0.048, η2 = 0.310).