Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the outcome and self confidence scores.
| Group & Difficulty | Measure | Performance outcome | Self confidence scores | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | |||
| Group A Correction Cue | ||||||||
| Forehand Clear | Pretest | 31.93 | 3.23 | 30-35 | 5.48 | 0.54 | 4-6 | |
| Posttest | 37.81 | 1.27 | 35-40 | 8.64 | 0.69 | 5-9 | ||
| Retention | 37.50 | 1.03 | 34-39 | 8.33 | 0.72 | 6-9 | ||
| Backhand Clear | Pretest | 16.75 | 1.34 | 14-18 | 5.09 | 0.88 | 3-7 | |
| Posttest | 23.06 | 1.12 | 20-25 | 5.65 | 0.74 | 3-7 | ||
| Retention | 22.50 | 1.09 | 20-25 | 5.63 | 0.71 | 3-7 | ||
| Group B Error Cue | ||||||||
| Forehand Clear | Pretest | 32.75 | 2.69 | 29-34 | 5.60 | 0.73 | 4-6 | |
| Posttest | 38.18 | 0.98 | 35-38 | 6.20 | 0.43 | 4-7 | ||
| Retention | 37.56 | 1.09 | 34-38 | 6.15 | 0.41 | 4-8 | ||
| Backhand Clear | Pretest | 15.90 | 1.02 | 13-17 | 4.81 | 0.59 | 3-7 | |
| Posttest | 21.85 | 1.16 | 19-25 | 5.14 | 0.57 | 3-8 | ||
| Retention | 21.31 | 2.02 | 19-24 | 5.05 | 0.51 | 3-8 | ||
| Group C Error + Correction Cue | ||||||||
| Forehand Clear | Pretest | 30.50 | 1.21 | 27-34 | 4.93 | 0.69 | 3-8 | |
| Posttest | 34.37 | 0.71 | 29-37 | 8.65 | 0.52 | 6-9 | ||
| Retention | 34.00 | 0.89 | 30-37 | 8.49 | 0.56 | 5-9 | ||
| Backhand Clear | Pretest | 16.00 | 1.31 | 14-18 | 4.88 | 0.63 | 3-6 | |
| Posttest | 27.50 | 1.71 | 24-29 | 7.59 | 0.65 | 4-9 | ||
| Retention | 26.75 | 2.08 | 25-29 | 7.50 | 0.61 | 4-9 | ||
| Group D Control Group | ||||||||
| Forehand Clear | Pretest | 32.10 | 1.32 | 28-33 | 5.32 | 0.58 | 4-6 | |
| Posttest | 32.50 | 0.84 | 29-34 | 5.44 | 0.64 | 4-7 | ||
| Retention | 32.43 | 1.06 | 29-33 | 5.38 | 0.49 | 4-6 | ||
| Backhand Clear | Pretest | 16.55 | 1.46 | 13-17 | 4.93 | 0.61 | 3-6 | |
| Posttest | 16.80 | 1.82 | 13-18 | 5.06 | 0.67 | 3-7 | ||
| Retention | 16.69 | 1.33 | 14-18 | 4.98 | 0.59 | 3-6 | ||