Table 1.
Biomarkers of prostate cancer. Different classes of prostate cancer biomarkers are shown. The list is not exhaustive. The markers are mostly proteins in blood. DNA, RNA, and metabolite are also shown
| Biomarker | Composition | Change | Purpose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Taskén et al., 2005; Veeramani et al., 2005; Makarov et al., 2009 |
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Li and Beling, 1973; Ercole et al., 1987; Stamey et al., 1987 |
| Biomarker candidate | ||||
| α-Methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Rogers et al., 2004 |
| B7-H3 | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Roth et al., 2007 |
| Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) | Protein | Decrease | Prognosis | Thompson et al., 2010 |
| Chromogranin A (CGA, GRN-A) | Protein | Increase | Prognosis | Deftos, 1998 |
| DAB2 interacting protein (DAB2IP) | Protein | Decrease | Diagnosis | Chen et al., 2002 |
| Endoglin (CD 105) | Protein | Increase | Prognosis | Wikström et al., 2002 |
| Early prostate cancer antigen (EPCA) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Getzenberg et al., 1991 |
| Goligiphosphoprotein 2 (GOLPH2) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Kristiansen et al., 2008 |
| Glutathione S-transferase P1 gene (GSTP1) | DNA | Hypermethylation (decrease) | Diagnosis | Lee et al., 1994 |
| Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Becker et al., 2000 |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Protein | Increase | Prognosis | Hobisch et al., 1998 |
| Ki-67 | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Gerdes et al., 1984; |
| P504S/p63 | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Harvey et al., 2010 |
| Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP/GCTFP15) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Tian et al., 2004 |
| Prostate cancer antigen-1 (PCA-1) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Liu et al., 2007 |
| Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3 or DD3) | RNA | Increase | Diagnosis | Bussemakers et al., 1999 |
| PDLIM4 gene (PDLIM4) | DNA | Hypermethylation (decrease) | Diagnosis | Vanaja et al., 2006 |
| Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) | Protein | Increase | Prognosis | Reiter et al., 1998 |
| Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Brawer et al., 1992 |
| Sarcosine | Metabolite (Chemical) | Increase (in urine) | Diagnosis | Sreekumar et al., 2009 |
| STAMP1 | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Korkmaz et al., 2002 |
| STAMP2 | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Korkmaz et al., 2005 |
| STEAP | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis | Hubert et al., 1999 |
| Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) | Protein | Increase | Prognosis | Truong et al., 1993 |
| Urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) | Protein | Increase | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Gupta et al., 2009 |