Fig. 5. LPS-induced cytotoxicity was diminished by the activation of the autophagy pathway. The cell death levels of BV2 cells in response to LPS in the presence of varying doses of rapamycin. Rapamycin suppressed the LPS-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. LPS (100 or 1,000 μg/ml) and rapamycin (10, 100, or 1,000 nM) were treated for 24 h. Cell death was measured by LDH assay. Data are presented as the means ± SEM. ** denotes difference between control and indicated group at each LPS dose (LPS, 100 or 1,000 μg/ml alone) at p<0.01.