Table 3.
Correlates of HSV-2 Incidence Among Members of HIV-1-discordant Couples, by Gender
| Females |
Males |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | aHRa | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | aHRa | (95% CI) | |
| Equivocal HSV-2 at baseline | 3.64** | (1.92–6.91) | 3.13** | (1.55–6.31) | 5.38** | (2.82–10.27) | 4.04** | (2.07–7.89) |
| Partner HSV-2 serostatus | ||||||||
| Negative | 1 | ref | 1 | ref | ||||
| Equivocal | 0.93 | (.28–3.15) | 0.99 | (.29–3.33) | 9.86** | (2.35–41.31) | 9.68** | (2.30–40.65) |
| Positive | 2.06* | (1.05–4.03) | 2.49** | (1.25–4.99) | 9.65** | (2.94–31.69) | 9.35** | (2.83–30.93) |
| HIV-1-infected | 1.85 | (.85–4.03) | 2.53* | (1.12–5.74) | 0.87 | (.40–1.89) | 0.91 | (.41–2.03) |
| Age | 1.02 | (.97–1.07) | 1.03 | (.98–1.08) | 1.02 | (.98–1.07) | 1.01 | (.97–1.06) |
| Male uncircumcised | – | – | – | – | 0.57 | (.20–1.61) | 0.67 | (.24–1.90) |
| Years living together | 1.01 | (.95–1.07) | 0.99 | (.91–1.07) | 1.03 | (.99–1.08) | 1.03 | (.97–1.10) |
| Do not earn an income | 1.70 | (.80–3.59) | 1.64 | (.76–3.52) | 0.95 | (.40–2.28) | 1.00 | (.41–2.42) |
| Less than primary education | 2.18* | (1.10–4.33) | 1.80 | (.87–3.75) | 0.22 | (.03–1.63) | 0.17 | (.02–1.27) |
| Informal Residence | 0.83 | (.43–1.60) | 0.81 | (.42–1.56) | 1.11 | (.59–2.10) | 0.89 | (.46–1.72) |
| Sexual debut ≤15 y old | 1.56 | (.65–3.73) | 1.36 | (.56–3.29) | 0.43 | (.15–1.20) | 0.45 | (.16–1.30) |
| Life-time sexual partners | 1.00 | (.85–1.17) | 0.97 | (.80–1.16) | 1.01 | (.99–1.04) | 1.00 | (.97–1.03) |
| Any unprotected sexb | 1.00 | (.47–2.12) | 1.17 | (.53–2.57) | 2.23* | (1.15–4.34) | 2.06* | (1.04–4.10) |
| No. of childrenc | 1.17 | (.91–1.51) | 1.21 | (.88–1.68) | 1.09 | (.87–1.37) | 1.06 | (.82–1.36) |
| Don't desire additional childrenc | 1.01 | (.53–1.91) | 0.77 | (.38–1.54) | 1.04 | (.55–1.98) | 0.73 | (.37–1.45) |
| Hormonal contraceptive use | 0.77 | (.30–1.98) | 0.54 | (.20–1.45) | – | – | – | – |
| Lifetime STI history | 1.43 | (.73–2.80) | 1.27 | (.62–2.62) | 1.51 | (.79–2.91) | 1.26 | (.65–2.43) |
| Partner received acyclovird | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.66 | (.50–5.47) | 1.63 | (.49–5.42) |
Hormonal contraception was assessed at the time of enrollment. The OR for age is per year. It was not possible to calculate risk estimates for acyclovir among females due to small sample size.
Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR, hazard ratio; HSV, herpes simplex virus; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; STI, sexually transmitted infection.
a Based on a multivariate model including the factor of interest plus HIV-1 status, age, and partner's HSV-2 status.
b With study partner during follow-up.
c With study partner.
d Restricted to those with a partner who was HSV-2 positive at baseline.
*P < .05.
**P < .01.