Table 2.
Normalized fMRI signal change differences in controls, first-degree relatives of persons with bipolar disorder (RELs), and persons with bipolar disorder (BD) during fMRI (2-back WM > 0- back task contrast) and analyses of covariance for potential confounders.
| Regions of Interest | L/R | Cluster extent | Coordinates (MNI)a | Difference in fMRI Response Between Groups | fMRI Response Difference using ANCOVA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| (voxels) | (x, y, z) | Comparison | tb | Effect Size (d) | p-value | Effect Size (d) | p-value | ||
| Anterior insula (BA 13) | L | 49 | −39, −3, 15 | BD > Con | 4.84 | 1.61 | .040c | 1.33 (Alc-r) 1.34 (IQ) 1.51 (Drg-l) 1.60 (Age) 1.67 (2b) 1.70 (Edu) 1.70 (Alc-l) 1.28 (Drg-l) 1.32 (Alc-l) 1.35 (Age) 1.70 (Edu) |
.052c (Alc-r) .050e (IQ) .010e (Drg-l) .049d (Age) .003e (2b) .037c (Edu) .002e (Alc-l) .036e (Drg-l) .070e (Alc-l) .06c (Age) .007d (Edu) |
| L | 15 | −42, 0, 15 | Rels> Con | 4.05 | 1.37 | .034e | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Frontopolar cortex (BA 10) | L | 7 | −27, 57, 21 | Con > BD | 3.72 | 1.24 | .05d | 1.05 (2b) 1.06 (Edu) 1.11 (Alc-l) 1.14 (IQ) 1.16 (Alc-r) 1.29 (Age) 1.34 (Drg-l) N/A |
.060d (2b) .050d (Edu) .040e (Alc-l) .033e(IQ) .030e (Alc-r) .038d (Age) .008e (Drg-l) N/A |
| L | 20 | −27, 57, 21 | Rels > BD | 4.57 | 1.54 | .035d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Orbitofrontal cortex (BA 47) | L | 7 | −24, 12, −18 | Rels > Con | 3.82 | 1.29 | .05e | NS (Alc-l) 1.16 (Age) 1.26 (Drg-l) 1.73 (Edu) |
NS (Alc-l) .070e (Age) .10e (Drg-l) .004e (Edu) |
|
| |||||||||
| Superior parietal region (bordering superior parietal lobule and superior postcentral gyrus) | R | 14 | 27, −42 57 | Rels > Con | 3.94 | 1.33 | .02d | 1.34 (Age) 1.58 (Alc-l) 1.71 (Edu) 1.85 (Drg-l) |
037d (Age) .010d (Alc-l) .033c (Edu) .0001c (Drg-l) |
MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute Coordinate System.
Maximum voxel-wise t-value within the cluster of interest.
Cluster-wise statistic was corrected across the entire brain (p< .05).
Small volume correction method was used to correct the cluster-wise statistic (p < .05).
Small volume correction method was used to correct the voxel-wise (family-wise error) statistic (p < .05).
Abbreviations: Edu = education, 2b = 2-back task accuracy, Alc-r = Recent alcohol use (last 24 hours), Alc-l = Lifetime alcohol use-lifetime, Drg-l = Lifetime Drug use, IQ= Intelligence Quotient.