Table 2.
Random effects models showing the unadjusted and adjusted estimates of odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (C.I.) for ‘having a regular doctor’ in 3081 males and 4187 females in Canada (1994–2006)
| Unadjusted estimates
|
Adjusted estimates
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males OR (95% C.I.) | Females OR (95% C.I.) | Males OR (95% C.I.) | Females OR (95% C.I.) | |
| Immigrant status | ||||
| Canadian born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| White immigrants | 2.52 (1.69–3.76) | 1.91 (1.32–2.79) | 1.32 (0.89–1.94) | 1.14 (0.78. 1.66) |
| Non-white immigrants | 2.14 (1.19–3.64) | 1.61 (0.85–3.04) | 1.28 (0.73–2.23) | 1.23 (0.64–2.36) |
| Age categories (years) | ||||
| 18–34 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 35–54 | 2.61 (2.24–3.06) | 1.31 (1.10–1.55) | 2.25 (1.89–2.68) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) |
| 55–74 | 6.94 (5.57–8.66) | 2.76 (2.20–3.46) | 6.58 (5.06–8.55) | 2.21 (1.69–2.91) |
| ≥ 75 | 7.27 (4.96–10.67) | 3.89 (2.73–5.51) | 11.36 (6.79–19.01) | 2.86 (1.85–4.42) |
| Time | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Secondary | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | 0.89 (0.65–1.24) | 1.10 (0.80–1.53) | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) |
| Postsecondary | 0.74 (0.56–0.97) | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) | 0.88 (0.67–1.17) |
| Graduate | 0.75 (0.58–0.97) | 0.74 (0.57. 0.95) | 0.87 (0.66–1.13) | 0.80 (0.60–1.05) |
| Income category | ||||
| Highest | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Upper middle | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) |
| Lower middle | 0.65 (0.55–0.78) | 0.77 (0.63–0.94) | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.74 (0.59–0.92) |
| Lowest | 0.67 (0.53–0.85) | 0.70 (0.55–0.88) | 1.09 (0.84–1.42) | 0.66 (0.50–0.87)* |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Married | 2.54 (2.12–3.06) | 2.08 (1.69–2.55) | 1.36 (1.05–1.76) | 1.82 (1.34–2.48) |
| Separated | 1.58 (1.21–2.05) | 2.68 (2.08–3.45) | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | 1.64 (1.24–2.17) |
| Province | ||||
| Other provinces | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ontario | 1.93 (1.52–2.47) | 2.06 (1.61–2.64) | 1.79 (1.40–2.28) | 1.82 (1.42–2.36) |
| Quebec | 0.37 (0.29–0.48) | 0.32 (0.25–0.40) | 0.44 (0.33–0.58) | 0.32 (0.25–0.42) |
| British Columbia | 1.27 (0.92–1.76) | 1.18 (0.87–1.61) | 1.21 (0.87–1.68) | 1.10 (0.81–1.51) |
| Linguistic major | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.29 (1.79–2.91) | 2.26 (1.76–2.90) | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) |
| Has a chronic condition | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.32 (2.05–2.62) | 2.31 (2.02–2.65) | 1.95 (1.71. 2.22) | 2.13 (1.84–2.47) |
| Intra-class correlation (rho) | 0.70 | 0.70 | ||
| AIC | 12 938.75 | 11 651.63 | ||
| Interaction terms | ||||
| White immigrant × time | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | ||
| Non-white immigrant × time | 0.97 (0.90–1.05)‡ | 1.09 (0.98–1.21)‡ | ||
AIC, Akaike Information Criteria.
The adjusted models also include living conditions and behavioural variables (smoking, alcohol use and physical exercise).
*
Test for trend: P < 0.001.
‡
The interaction terms were not significant in both men and women.