Table 3.
Random effects models showing the unadjusted and adjusted estimates of odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (C.I.) for reporting an unmet healthcare need in 3081 males and 4187 females in Canada (1994–2006)
| Unadjusted estimates
|
Adjusted estimates
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males OR (95% C.I.) | Females OR (95% C.I.) | Males OR (95% C.I.) | Females OR (95% C.I.) | |
| Immigrant status | ||||
| Canadian born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| White immigrants | 0.59 (0.42–0.82) | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 0.66 (0.47–0.95) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) |
| Non-white immigrants | 0.74 (0.46–1.20) | 0.31 (0.17–0.55) | 0.78 (0.48–1.28) | 0.32 (0.17–0.59) |
| Age categories (years) | ||||
| 18–34 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 35–54 | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 1.22 (1.05–1.43) | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) |
| 55–74 | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.58 (0.44–0.76) | 0.58 (0.46–0.73) |
| ≥ 75 | 0.61 (0.41–0.91) | 0.84 (0.64–1.09) | 0.28 (0.17–0.45) | 0.38 (0.27–0.54) |
| Time | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) | 1.09 (1.08–1.10) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Secondary | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) | 0.90 (0.66–1.24) | 0.95 (0.73–1.25) |
| Postsecondary | 1.34 (1.05–1.70) | 1.63 (1.33–2.01) | 1.26 (0.97–1.63) | 1.44 (1.15–1.81) |
| Graduate | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1.59 (1.30–1.94) | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) | 1.39 (1.11–1.74) |
| Income category | ||||
| Highest | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Upper middle | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 1.03 (0.88. 1.21) |
| Lower middle | 0.92 (0.75–1.12) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) | 1.26 (1.00–1.57) | 1.12 (0.92–1.35) |
| Lowest | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 1.58 (1.21–2.17)* | 1.59 (1.26–2.01)** |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Married | 0.89 (0.73–1.10) | 0.86 (0.72–1.04) | 0.96 (0.70–1.33) | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) |
| Separated | 1.32 (1.00–1.74) | 1.06 (0.86–1.32) | 1.13 (0.84–1.53) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) |
| Province | ||||
| Others | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ontario | 0.91 (0.74–1.13) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 1.01 (0.81–1.27) | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) |
| Quebec | 0.92 (0.72–1.16) | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 0.84 (0.62–1.12) | 1.02 (0.81–1.30) |
| British Columbia | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | 1.33 (1.05–1.68) | 1.17 (0.86–1.57) | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) |
| Linguistic major | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.90 (0.69–1.19) | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) |
| Has a chronic condition | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.36 (2.02–2.75) | 2.81 (2.41–3.28) | 2.34 (2.00–2.79) | 2.69 (2.29–3.17) |
| Does not have a regular doctor | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 1.74 (1.46–2.08) | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) | 1.83 (1.51–2.21) |
| Intra-class correlation (rho) | 0.55 | 0.57 | ||
| AIC | 8804.80 | 13 513.44 | ||
| Interaction terms | ||||
| White immigrant × time | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | ||
| Non-white immigrant × time | 1.02 (0.93–1.12)‡ | 1.10 (0.97–1.26)‡ | ||
AIC, Akaike Information Criteria.
The adjusted models also include living conditions and behavioural variables (smoking, alcohol use, and physical exercise). Test for trend:
*
P = 0.002,
**
P < 0.001.
‡
The interaction terms were not significant in both men and women.