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. 2013 Sep 4;8(9):e73055. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073055

Table 1. Characteristics of prospective studies included in the systematic review.

Reference Study country Study design BV outcome measure HC-type used BV diagnostic method Sample size % BV positive % using HC HC-use comparison group Unadjusted OR/RR (95% CI) Reporteda Adjusted OR/RR (95% CI)
Amsel 1983 [75] USA CS prevalence COC Amsel 311 22.2 26.0 non-combined/NC 0.91 (0.46–1.74)
Lefevre 1988 [77] France CS prevalence COC Amsel 370 26.0 38.9 non-HC/NC 0.72 (0.43–1.21)
Barbone 1990 [45] USA RCT/LC incidence COC modified Amsel 818 38.8 75.4 non-combined/TL 0.84 (0.63–1.10)b
Moi 1990 [78] Sweden CS prevalence COC Amsel 3762 26.0 53.0 non-combined/NC 0.73 (0.63–0.85)
Hillier 1991 [79] USA CS prevalence COC Amsel 630 32.4 35.1 non-combined/NC 0.62 (0.42–0.90)
Hart 1993 [58] Australia CS prevalence COC modified Amsel 4341 16.9 41.3 non-combined/NC 0.85 (0.72–1.00)
Cohen 1995 [38] Thailand CS prevalence COC Amsel 144 34.0 61.8 non-combined/NC 0.44 (0.21–0.96) 0.50 (0.20–1.20)
POC Amsel 144 34.0 14.6 non-POC/NC 1.15 (0.34–3.93)
Shoubnikova 1997 [12] Sweden CS prevalence COC Amsel 956 13.7 69.0 non-combined/NC 0.51 (0.35–0.77) 0.40 (0.20–0.80)
Guerreiro 1998 [80] Portugal CS prevalence u-HC modified Amsel 781 7.55 52.0 non-HC 0.20 (0.13–0.49)
Zenilman 1999 [46] USA CS prevalence COC Amsel 272 30.5 20.6 non-combined/NC 0.63 (0.29–1.29)
Calzolari 2000 [14] Italy CS prevalence COC Amsel 1314 16.3 12.6 non-combined/NC 0.47 (0.25–0.82) 0.43 (0.22–0.76)
Baeten 2001 [18] Kenya LC incidence COC Nugent 948 39.0 15.5c NC/TL 0.80 (0.70–1.00)
POC Nugent 948 39.0 17.8c NC/TL 0.70 (0.50–1.00)
Fonck 2001 [40] Kenya RCT/CS prevalence COC Nugent 431 49.0 27.8 non-combined/NC 1.36 (0.88–2.11)
Holzman 2001 [59] USA CS prevalence u–HC Nugent 496 30.0 37.3 non-HC/NC 0.47 (0.28–0.81) 0.50 (0.20–0.80)
Joesoef 2001 [57] Indonesia prevalence u-HC Nugent 357 32.5 47.3 non-HC/NC 0.60 (0.37–0.96)
Dan 2003 [81] Israel CS prevalence COC Nugent 176 24.0 14.8 non-combined/NC 0.62 (0.24–1.47)
Ness 2003 [29] USA CS prevalence u-HC Nugent 1135 64.0 44.1 non-HC/NC 0.52 (0.40–0.67) 0.60 (0.40–0.80)
Yen 2003 [13] USA CS prevalence u-HC Nugent 1938 27.0 36.8 non-HC/NC 0.75 (0.60–0.94) 0.78 (0.62–0.98)
Grio 2004 [82] Italy CS prevalence COC Amsel 5230 7.95 17.7 non-combined/NC 0.75 (0.56–1.01)
Schwebke 2004 [44] USA RCT/CS prevalence u-HC Nugent 250 44.8 36.4 non-HC/NC 0.71 (0.41–1.24)
Smart 2004 [83] Australia CS prevalence u-HC Spiegel 1780 5.7 30.6 non–HC/NC 0.67 (0.54–0.83) 0.60 (0.51–0.81)
Watcharotone 2004 [24] Thailand CS prevalence u-HC Amsel 800 14.6 41.9 NC/TL 0.97 (0.50–1.90)b
Ashraf-Ganjoei 2005 [25] Iran CS prevalence COC Amsel 130 37.7 N/Ad non-HC/NC 0.37 (0.14–0.99)b
Bradshaw 2005 [15] Australia CS prevalence COC Amsel/Nugent 342 46.0 46.8 non-HC/NC 0.62 (0.39–0.97) 0.60 (0.40–1.00)
Harville 2005 [48] USA CS prevalence u–HC Nugent 411 26.3 42.1 non–HC/NC 0.61(0.37–0.98)
Plitt 2005 [43] USA RCT/CS prevalence COC Nugent 115 60.0 20.9 non-combined/NC 1.05 (0.38–3.04)
Schwebke 2005 [47] USA LC incidence u-HC Nugent 96 69.8a 41.7e non-HC/NC 0.49 (0.17–1.40)b
Bradshaw 2006 [10] Australia LC recurrence u-HC Nugent 122 55.7a 38.7 e non-HC/NC 0.40 (0.20–0.80)b 0.50 (0.30–1.00)
Amaral 2007 [35] Brazil CS prevalence u-HC Nugent 155 75.5 44.5 non-HC/NC 0.56 (0.25–1.26)
Cauci 2007 [84] Italy CS prevalence COC Nugent 500 29.0 27.2 non-combined/NC 0.49 (0.29–0.80)
Evans 2007 [85] UK CS prevalence u-HC Ison-Hay 169 14.4 50.3 non-HC/NC 0.77 (0.29–2.00)
Hassan 2007 [36] Africa RCT/CS prevalence POC Nugent 237 33.8 24.5 non-POC/NC 0.76 (0.38–1.51)
Kleinschmidt 2007 [51] South Africa CS prevalence POC Nugent 551 34.7 54.4 non-HC/NC 0.96 (0.67–1.38)
Koumans 2007 [30] USA CS prevalence COC Nugent 3739 29.2 10.4 non-combined/NC 0.65 (0.40–1.00)
Riggs 2007 [16] USA CS prevalence COC Nugent 8542f 40.0f 29.4 f non-combined/NC 0.64 (0.55–0.74)b 0.76 (0.63–0.9)
POC Nugent 8542f 40.0f 25.8 f non-POC/NC 0.76 (0.66–0.88)b 0.64 (0.53–0.76)
LC incidence COC Nugent 2636 31.2 f non-combined/NC 0.92 (0.73–1.17)b 1.13 (0.88–1.43)
POC Nugent 2636 24.4 f non-POC/NC 1.04 (0.78–1.39)b 1.07 (0.79–1.45)
LC recurrence COC Nugent 2892 84.2 21.5 f non-combined/NC 0.68 (0.53–0.87)b 0.76 (0.56–1.03)
POC Nugent 2892 84.2 19.0 f non-POC/NC 0.61 (0.48–0.79)b 0.6 (0.44–0.81)
Cherpes 2008 [52] USA LC incidence COC Nugent 773 36/100g 62.9g NC 0.80 (0.60–1.10)b
POC Nugent 773 36/100g 280.7g NC 1.20 (0.80–1.90)b
Mares 2008 [86] Brazil CS prevalence COC Nugent 40 57.5 12.5 non–combined/NC 0.48 (0.04–4.79)
POC Nugent 40 57.5 22.5 non–POC/NC 0.90 (0.16–5.51)
McClelland 2008 [37] Kenya RCT/LC incidence POC Nugent 151 37.1 28.5 NC/TL 0.59 (0.48–0.73)b 0.60 (0.48–0.74)
Peipert 2008 [60] USA RCT/CS prevalence u-HC Amsel/Nugent 523 31.0 69.0 non-HC/NC 0.75 (0.48–1.16)
Rugpao 2008 [53] Thailand LC incidence COC Amsel 1522 10b 35.9 non-combined/NC 1.00 (0.75–1.33)b
incidence POC Amsel 1522 10b 42.1 non-POC/NC 0.77 (0.57–1.02)b
Baisley 2009 [42] Tanzania CS prevalence u-HC Nugent 1305 62.9 46.2 non-HC/NC 0.72 (0.56–0.93) 0.80 (0.62–1.04)
Fethers 2009 [55] Australia CS prevalence COC Nugent 528 4.7 40.2 non-combined/NC 0.82 (0.32–1.99)
Pettifor 2009 [49] South Africa LC incidence POC Nugent 567 35.6 19.9 non-POC/NC 0.75 (0.55–1.02)b 0.77 (0.56–1.06)
Rifkin 2009 [27] USA CS prevalence COC Amsel 330 40.3 58.2 NC/TL 1.01 (0.67–1.52)b 0.66 (0.39–1.10)
POC Amsel 330 40.3 17.0 NC/TL 0.42 (0.24–0.74)b 0.42 (0.20–0.88)
Tibaldi 2009 [26] Italy CS prevalence COC Amsel 24122 8.9 16.5 non-combined/NC 0.86 (0.72–1.04)b 0.69 (0.56–0.85)
Yotebieng 2009 [39] Thailand RCT/CS prevalence u-HC Amsel 901 57.0 24.9 non-HC/NC 0.46 (0.34–0.64)
Brotman 2011 [56] USA CS prevalence u-HC Amsel 93 67.0 12.9 non-HC/NC 1.00 (0.24–4.95)
Bukuski 2011 [50] Kenya RCT/LC recurrence u-HC Nugent 164 42.7 33.5 non-HC/NC 1.11 (0.77–1.60)
Kampan 2011 [87] Malaysia CS prevalence u-HC Amsel 131 19.1 49.6 non-HC/NC 0.86 (0.32–2.23)
Gallo 2012 [54] USA LC incidence COC Amsel 645 39.5 29%h non-combined/NC 0.67 (0.45–0.91)b 0.59 (0.42–0.91)
Mascarenhas 2012 [88] Brazil CS prevalence u-HC Nugent 100 20.0 41.0 non-HC/NC 0.95 (0.30–2.86)
Perla 2012 [41] Peru CS prevalence COC Nugent 212 44.8 10.8 non-combined/NC 0.62 (0.23–1.66)
Bradshaw 2013a [17] Australia RCT/LC recurrence COC Nugent 404 28.0 27.2 non-combined/NC 0.63 (0.41–0.96) 0.52 (0.34–0.81)
Bradshaw 2013b [7] Australia CS prevalence COC Nugent 1093 11.8 53.5 non-combined/NC 0.60 (0.40–0.80)j 0.60 (0.40–0.90)
LC incidence COC Nugent 864 11.8 53.5i non-combined/NC 0.70 (0.50–1.00)b 0.70 (0.50–1.10)
a

all adjusted OR/RRs are as reported by authors,

b

OR/RRs calculated by authors, raw data not available,

c

baseline prevalence used,

d

raw data on the % using OC not available, on the basis of the odds ratios reported, the proportion of women using contraceptives were calculated to well exceed 10%,

e

per number of visits,

f

number or percentage of assessments rather than number of participants reported, gwoman-years, calculated by authors,

h

raw data was not available, but parent study from which this cohort was derived reported 29% using HC [89],

i

baseline prevalence of women using combined methods of contraception was 53.5% of which most went into the longitudinal analysis, but raw data was not reported,

j

unadjusted ORs clustered by clinic so included as reported. Key: HC = hormonal contraception, COC = combined oestrogen- and progesterone-containing methods of HC, POC = progesterone only containing methods of HC, u-HC = unspecified HC, CS = cross-sectional study, LC = longitudinal cohort, RCT = randomised controlled trial (either LC used or CS data used), OR = odds ratio, RR = risk ratio, NC = no contraception used, TL = tubal ligation.