Table 2.

Efficacy of vaccines in animal models of filovirus infection.

Vaccine	Viral protein including vaccines	Species tested	Strategy			Challenge virus	Survival rate (%)	References
			Dose/Schedule		Route
VEEV	MARV Musoke GP or NP	Guinea pig	106 FFU, 2 or 3 doses		sc	GP-adapted MARV Musoke	100	Hevey et al., 1998
	MARV Musoke GP or GP + NP	NHP	107 FFU, 3 doses			MARV Musoke	100
	MARV Musoke NP						67
	EBOV NP or GP + NP	Mouse	2 × 106 IU, 2 doses			mouse-adapted EBOV	100	Pushko et al., 2001
	EBOV GP						90
	EBOV GP or GP + NP	Guinea pig		GP-adapted EBOV	100
	EBOV NP						20
	EBOV GP, NP or GP + NP	NHP	107 FFU, 3 doses			EBOV	0	Geisbert et al., 2002
AdV	GPs of MARV (Musoke and Ci67) and RAVV	Guinea pig	5 × 107−8 PFU, 2 doses		sc	MARV (Musoke or Ci67) or RAVV	100	Wang et al., 2006a
	MARV Angola GP	NHP	1011 PU, 1dose		im	MARV Angola	100	Geisbert et al., 2010a
	EBOV GP	Mouse	108 PFU, 2 doses		sc	mouse-adapted EBOV	100	Wang et al., 2006b
	EBOV GP + NP	NHP	2 × 1012 particles, 1 or 2 doses		im	EBOV	100	Sullivan et al., 2003
	GPs of EBOV and SUDV, MARV (Musoke and Ci67) and RAVV + NP of EBOV and MARV Musoke		4 × 1010 PFU, 2 doses			EBOV, SUDV or MARV (Musoke or Ci67)	100	Swenson et al., 2008a
DNA	MARV Musoke or RAVV GP	Guinea pig	10 μg, 3 or 4 doses with RIBI aadjuvand		sc	GP-adapted MARV Musoke	100	Riemenschneider et al., 2003
	MARV Musoke GP	NHP	20 μg, 3 doses			MARV Musoke	67
	MARV Angola GP		4 mg, 4 doses		im	MARV Angola	100	Geisbert et al., 2010a
	EBOV GP	Mouse	0.5 μg, 4 doses			mouse-adapted EBOV	78	Vanderzanden et al., 1998
			0.5 μg, 1 dose and 1.5 μg, 3 or 4 doses				100
	EBOV GP or NP	Guinea pig	500 μg, 4 doses			GP-adapted EBOV	100	Xu et al., 1998
DNA + AdV	DNA: GPs of EBOV, SUDV and TAFV + EBOV NP AdV: EBOV GP	NHP	4 mg of DNA, 3 doses and boosted with 1010 PFU of AdV		im	EBOV	100	Sullivan et al., 2000
	DNA: MARV Angola GP AdV: MARV Angola GP		4 mg of DNA, 3 doses and boosted with 1011 PU of AdV			MARV Angola	100	Geisbert et al., 2010a
HPIV3	EBOV GP or GP + NP	Guinea pig	105.3 PFU		in	GP-adapted EBOV	100	Bukreyev et al., 2006
	EBOV GP, GP + NP, or GP + GM-CSF	NHP	4 × 106 TCID50, 1 dose		in and intracheally	EBOV	83	Bukreyev et al., 2007
	EBOV GP		2 × 107 TCID50, 2 doses				100
HPIV3/ΔHN-F	EBOV GP	Guinea pig	4 × 105 PFU, 1 dose		in	GP-adapted EBOV	100	Bukreyev et al., 2009
VSV	MARV Musoke GP	NHP	2 × 107 PFU, 1 dose	28 day before infection	im	MARV (Musoke or Angola) or RAVV	100	Daddario-Dicaprio et al., 2006a
			107 PFU, 1 dose	28 or 141 d before infectiona		MARV Musoke and Popp	100	Jones et al., 2005
	EBOV GP	Mouse	2 × 105 PFU, 1 dose	24 h before infection	ip	mouse-adapted EBOV	100	Feldmann et al., 2007
				30 mpi			100
				24 hpi			100
		Guinea pig		24 h before infection		GP-adapted EBOV	67
				1 hpi			83
				24 hpi			50
		NHP	107 PFU, 1 dose	28 day before infection	im	EBOV	100	Jones et al., 2005
			107 PFU, 1 dose	262 day before infectionb		SUDV	25
	EBOV GP + SUDV GP + Musoke GP		3 × 107 PFU, 1 dose	28 day before infection		EBOV, SUDV, TAFV or MARV Musoke	100	Geisbert et al., 2009
	MARV Musoke GP		2 × 107 PFU, 1 dose	24 hpi		MARV Musoke	83	Geisbert et al., 2010c
				48 hpi			33
			1 × 107 PFU, 1 dose	20–30 mpi			100	Daddario-Dicaprio et al., 2006b
	EBOV GP		2 × 107 PFU, 1 dose, 20–30 mpi			EBOV	50	Feldmann et al., 2007
	SUDV GP					SUDV	100	Geisbert et al., 2008
VLP	MARV Musoke GP + VP40 produced in 293Tc	Guinea pig	50 μg, 3 doses with RIBI adjuvant		im	GP-adapted MARV (Musoke or Ci67) or RAVV	100	Swenson et al., 2008b
		NHP	1 mg, 3 doses with QS-21 adjuvant			MARV (Musoke or Ci67) or RAVV	100
	EBOV GP + VP40 + NP produced in 293Tc	Mouse	50 μg, 2 doses, with QS-21 adjuvant			Mouse-adapted-EBOV	100	Warfield et al., 2007a
	EBOV GP + VP40 produced in 293Tc		10 μg, 3 doses		im or ip		100	Warfield et al., 2003
	EBOV GP + NP + VP40 produced in 293Tc	NHP	250 μg, 3 doses, with RIBI adjuvant		im	EBOV	100	Warfield et al., 2007b
	EBOV GP + VP40 produced in insect cellsd	mouse	50 μg, 2 doses			Mouse-adapted-EBOV	100	Sun et al., 2009
			10 μg, 3 doses				83
	EBOV GP + VP40 + NP produced in insect cellsd		10-50 μg, 2 doses, with QS-21 adjuvant				100	Warfield et al., 2007a

^aCynomolgus macaques were immunized by intramuscular injection with a single dose of VSVΔG expressing MARV Musoke GP and subsequently challenged on Day 28 after immunization by intramuscular injection with MARV Musoke strain. The immunized macaques, which were protected from the lethal MARV challenge, were rechallenged with MARV Popp strain 113 days after initial challenge (141 days after immunization).

^bCynomolgus macaques were immunized by intramuscular injection with a single dose of VSVΔG expressing EBOV GP and subsequently challenged on Day 28 after immunization by intramuscular injection with EBOV. The macaques protected from the lethal EBOV challenge were rechallenged with SUDV 234 days after initial challenge (262 days after immunization).

^c293T cells were cotransfected with plasmid vectors encoding GP and VP40 (and NP) of EBOV or MARV. The VLPs were collected and purified from the cell supernatants.

^dThe VLPs were produced by use of recombinant baculovirus constructs expressing GP and VP (and NP) of EBOV or MARV from coinfected insect cells.

Abbreviations

FFU

focus-forming unit

GP-adapted

guinea pig-adapted

IU

infectious unit

PFU

plaque-forming units

PU

particle units

sc

subcutaneously

im

intramuscularly

in

intranasally

ip

intrapenitoneally

mpi

minutes post-infection

hpi

hours post-infection

dpi

days post-infection.