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. 2012 Apr 11;5(3):160–179. doi: 10.1002/aur.239

Table I.

Europe

Region Category Year Authors Country Area Population Age Number affected Diagnostic criteria % with average IQ Gender ratio Prevalence/ 10 000 95% CI
Europe AD 1966 Lotter UK Middlesex 78 000 8–10 32 Rating scale 15.6 2.6 (23/9) 4.1 2.7; 5.5
AD 1972 Brask Denmark Aarhus County 46 500 2–14 20 Clinical — 1.4 (12/7) 4.3 2.4; 6.2
AD 1976 Wing et al. UK Camberwell 25 000 5–14 17a 24-item rating scale of Lotter 30 16 (16/1) 4.8b 2.1; 7.5
AD 1983 Bohman et al. Sweden County of Västerbotten 69 000 0–20 39 Rutter criteria 20.5 1.6 (24/15) 5.6 3.9; 7.4
AD 1984 McCarthy et al. Ireland East 65 000 8–10 28 Kanner — 1.33 (16/12) 4.3 2.7; 5.9
AD 1986 Steinhausen et al. Germany West Berlin 279 616 0–14 52 Rutter 55.8 2.25 (36/16) 1.9 1.4; 2.4
AD 1989 Cialdella and Mamelle France Rhône 135 180 3–9 61 DSM-III like — 2.3 4.5 3.4; 5.6
AD 1991 Gillberg et al. Sweden South-West Gothenburg, Bohuslän 78 106 4–13 74 DSM-III-R 18 2.7 (54/20) 9.5 7.3; 11.6
AD 1992 Fombonne and du Mazaubrun France 4 regions 274 816 9 & 13 154 Clinical-ICD-10 like 13.3 2.1 (105/49) 4.9 4.1; 5.7
AD 1997 Fombonne et al. France 3 regions 325 347 8–16 174 Clinical ICD-10-like 12.1 1.81 (112/62) 5.35 4.6; 6.1
AD 1997 Webb et al. UK South Glamorgan, Wales 73 301 3–15 53 DSM-III-R — 6.57 (46/7) 7.2 5.3; 9.3
AD 1997 Arvidsson et al. Sweden Mölnlycke 1 941 3–6 9 ICD-10 22.2 3.5 (7/2) 46.4 16.1; 76.6
AD 1998 Sponheim & Skjeldal Norway Akershus County 65 688 3–14 34 ICD-10 47.1c 2.09 (23/11) 5.2 3.4; 6.9
AD 1999 Taylor et al. UK North Thames 490 000 0–16 427 ICD-10 — — 8.7 7.9; 9.5
AD 1999 Kadesjö et al. Sweden Karlstad 826 6.7–7.7 6 DSM-III-R/ICD-10 Gillberg criteria for AS 50.0 5.0 (5/1) 72.6 14.7; 130.6
AD 2000 Baird et al. UK South-East Thames 16 235 7 50 ICD-10 60 15.7 (47/3) 30.8 22.9; 40.6
AD 2000 Powell et al. UK West Midlands 25 377 1–5 62 Clinical/ICD10/DSM-IV — — 7.8 5.8; 10.5
AD 2000 Kielinen et al. Finland North (Oulu et Lapland) 27 572 5–7 57 DSM-IV 49.8d 4.12 (156/50) 20.7 15.3; 26.0
AD 2001 Davidovitch et al. Israel Haifa 26 160 7–11 26 DSM-III-R/DSM-IV — 4.2 (21/5) 10.0 6.6; 14.4
AD 2007 Oliveira et al. Portugal Mainland and Azores 67 795 6–9 115 DSM-IV 17 2.9 16.7 14.0; 20.0
AD 2001 Fombonne et al. UK England and Wales 10 438 5–15 27 DSM-IV/ICD-10 55.5 8.0 (24/3) 26.1 16.2; 36.0
AD 2001 Magnússon and Saemundsen Iceland Whole Island 43 153 5–14 57 Mostly ICD-10 15.8 4.2 (46/11) 13.2 9.8; 16.6
AD 2001 Chakrabarti and Fombonne UK Stafford 15 500 2.5–6.5 26 ICD10/DSM-IV 29.2 3.3 (20/6) 16.8 10.3; 23.2
AD 2002 Madsen et al. Denmark National register 63 859 8 46 ICD-10 — — 7.2 5.0–10.0
AD 2004 Tebruegge et al. UK Kent 2 536 8–9 6 ICD-10 — (6/0) 23.7 9.6; 49.1
AD 2005 Chakrabarti & Fombonne UK Stafford 10 903 4–7 24 ICD-10/DSM-IV 33.3 3.8 (19/5) 22.0 14.4; 32.2
AD 2006 Gillberg et al. Sweden Göteborg 32 568 7–12 115 Gillberg's criteria — 3.6 (90/25) 35.3 29.2; 42.2
AD 2006 Baird et al. UK London (South Thames) 56 946 9–10 81 ICD-10 47 8.3 (≍ 72/9) 38.9 29.9; 47.8
AD 2007 Ellefsen et al. Denmark Faroe Islands 7 689 8–17 12 ICD-10 Gillberg criteria for AS — 3.0 (9/3) 16.0 7.0; 25.0
AD 2007 Latif and Williams UK Wales 39 220 0–17 50 Kanner — — 12.7 9.0; 17.0
AD 2008 Williams et al. UK South West (Avon) 14 062 11 30 ICD-10 86.7 5.0 (25/5) 21.6 13.9; 29.3
PDD 2000 Baird et al. UK London (South Thames) 16 235 7 94 ICD-10 60 15.7 (83/11) 57.9 46.8; 70.9
PDD 2001 Chakrabarti and Fombonne UK Stafford 15 500 4–7 96 ICD-10 74.2 3.8 (77/20) 61.9 50.2; 75.6
PDD 2002 Madsen et al. Denmark National register — 8 738 ICD-10 — — 30.0 —
PDD 2002 Scott et al. UK Cambridge 33 598 5–11 196 ICD-10 — 4.0 (—) 58.3 * 50; 67*
PDD 2004 Tebruegge et al. UK Kent 2 536 8–9 21 ICD-10 — 6.0 (18/3) 82.8 51.3; 126.3
PDD 2005 Chakrabarti and Fombonne UK Stafford 10 903 4–6 64 ICD-10 70.2 6.1 (55/9) 58.7 45.2; 74.9
PDD 2006 Baird et al. UK South Thames 56 946 9–10 158 ICD-10 45 3.3 (121/37) 116.1 90.4; 141.8
PDD 2006 Harrison et al. UK Scotland 134 661 0–15 443e ICD-10, DSMIV — 7.0 (369/53) 44.2 39.5; 48.9
PDD 2006 Gillberg et al. Sweden Göteborg 32 568 712 262 DSM-IV — 3.6 (205/57) 80.4 71.3; 90.3
PDD 2007 Latif and Williams UK South Wales 39 220 0–17 240 ICD-10, DSM-IV, Kanner's & Gillberg's criteria — 6.8 — 61.2 54; 69*
PDD 2007 Ellefsen et al. Denmark Faroe Islands 7 689 8–17 41 DSM-IV, Gillberg's criteria 68.3 5.8 (35/6) 53.3 36; 70
PDD 2008 Williams et al. UK Avon 14 062 11 86 ICD-10 85.3 6.8 (75/11) 61.9 48.8; 74.9
PDD 2009 Baron—Cohen et al. UK Cambridge 8 824 5–9 83 ICD-10 — — 94f 75; 116
PDD 2011 Brugha et al. UK National 7 333 >16 72 ADOS-4 100% 3.8 — 98 30; 165
*

Calculated by the author.

a

This number corresponds to the sample described in Wing and Gould [1979].

b

This rate corresponds to the first published paper on this survey and is based on 12 participants amongst children aged 5 to 14 years.

c

In this study, mild mental retardation was combined with average IQ, whereas moderate and severe mental retardation were grouped together.

d

These figures apply to the whole study sample of 206 participants with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

e

Estimated using a capture-recapture analysis, the number of cases used to calculate prevalence was estimated to be 596.

f

Rate based on Special Education Needs register. A figure of 99/10 000 is provided from a parental and diagnostic survey. Other estimates in this study vary from 47 to 165/10 000 deriving from various assumptions made by the authors.

AD, autistic disorder; AS, Asperger syndrome; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ICD, International Classification of Diseases. PDD, developmental disorder.