Table 2.
Changes in primary and secondary outcome measures and group differences.
| Baseline, Mean (SD) | Change per year, Mean (SD) | Adjusted T-C difference in change per year (95% CI)† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dance & Screen Time Reduction | Health Education | Dance & Screen Time Reduction | Health Education | ||
| Body Mass Index, BMI (kg/m2) | 20.70 (4.95) | 20.68 (4.82) | 1.28 (0.90) | 1.24 (1.01) | 0.04 (−0.18, 0.27) |
| BMI z-score | 0.94 (1.07) | 0.98 (1.07) | 0.26 (0.19) | 0.24 (0.19) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 69.28 (13.23) | 68.82 (12.27) | 4.15 (2.21) | 4.25 (2.54) | −0.11 (−0.69, 0.47) |
| Triceps Skinfold (mm) | 17.20 (8.36) | 17.75 (8.07) | 1.49 (3.01) | 1.93 (2.74) | −0.52 (−1.16, 0.13) |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 98.09 (9.30) | 98.31 (10.62) | 1.24 (4.74) | 1.03 (4.71) | 0.15 (−0.77, 1.06) |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 55.95 (6.02) | 56.19 (7.06) | −0.15 (3.43) | 0.12 (2.76) | −0.33 (−0.98, 0.33) |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)†† | 171.49 (30.50) | 175.85 (31.17) | −7.35 (6.97) | −4.18 (6.88) | −3.49 (−5.28, −1.70)** |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)†† | 54.15 (11.73) | 57.05 (13.56) | −3.26 (3.21) | −3.28 (3.32) | −0.34 (−1.13, 0.45) |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)†† | 103.94 (26.23) | 106.42 (28.44) | −3.90 (7.20) | −1.06 (5.81) | −3.02 (−4.74, −1.31)** |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)†† | 66.93 (37.06) | 61.82 (25.40) | −1.73 (20.68) | 1.01 (10.14) | −1.97 (−6.30, 2.37) |
| Glucose (mg/dL)†† | 84.99 (7.42) | 84.88 (6.60) | 1.81 (3.80) | 1.53 (3.96) | 0.32 (−0.62, 1.26) |
| Insulin (uIU/ml)†† | 10.97 (11.17) | 9.77 (6.95) | 1.61 (5.01) | 2.83 (4.92) | −0.94 (−2.12, 0.24) |
| Resting Heart Rate (beats per minute) | 79.81 (9.97)* | 82.49 (9.81) | −0.79 (4.55) | −1.49 (4.38) | 0.132 (−0.84, 1.10) |
| Weekday accelerometer counts per minute | 630.01 (174.21) | 597.33 (184.20) | −58.15 (73.08) | −53.91 (71.47) | 3.18 (−11.56, 17.92) |
| Weekend accelerator counts per minute | 702.28 (287.72) | 694.17 (292.74) | −64.06 (113.56) | −66.96 (114.70) | 4.54 (−19.37, 28.45) |
| Weekday minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (>3000 counts per minute) | 38.59 (22.15) | 33.04 (21.13) | −5.78 (9.30) | −4.88 (7.71) | 0.41 (−1.26, 2.07) |
| Weekend minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (>3000 counts per minute) | 28.55 (23.76) | 26.19 (23.34) | −4.54 (10.25) | −4.43 (9.78) | 0.51 (−1.42, 2.44) |
| After school accelerometer counts per minute | 861.48 (371.53) | 793.00 (355.90) | −87.68 (183.15) | −77.56 (155.64) | 10.22 (−21.48, 41.92) |
| After school minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity | 11.37 (9.80) | 8.80 (8.46) | −1.91 (4.45) | −1.21 (3.49) | 0.04 (−0.67, 0.75) |
| Weekly hours of total screen time | 18.88 (12.75) | 22.69 (15.79) | −0.02 (10.92) | 1.15 (13.98) | −2.65 (−5.42, 0.13) |
| Weekly hours of television viewing | 13.15 (10.26)* | 16.85 (12.45) | 0.79 (8.26) | 1.30 (8.18) | −1.64 (−3.49, 0.21) |
| Weekly hours of VCR/DVD viewing | 4.70 (6.41) | 4.84 (6.85) | −0.81 (6.96) | −0.13 (5.54) | −0.73 (−2.10, 0.63) |
| Weekly hours of video game playing | 1.022 (2.847) | 1.002 (3.101) | −0.003 (1.667) | −0.001 (4.434) | 0.012 (−0.580, 0.603) |
| Weekly hours of computer use | 0.901 (2.466) | 0.774 (2.062) | 0.316 (1.711) | 0.327 (1.642) | 0.023 (−0.360, 0.406) |
| Total household TV use (0–4) | 2.47 (1.02) | 2.48 (1.15) | −0.09 (0.45) | −0.04 (0.45) | −0.06 (−0.15, 0.04) |
| Days per week ate breakfast with the TV on | 1.49 (2.28)* | 2.17 (2.71) | 0.02 (1.53) | −0.37 (1.74) | 0.15 (−0.20, 0.50) |
| Days per week ate dinner with the TV on | 2.66 (2.80) | 3.22 (2.93) | 0.18 (1.50) | 0.22 (1.69) | −0.21 (−0.53, 0.12) |
| Average total daily energy intake (Kcal) | 1353.68 (459.98) | 1360.11 (432.30) | −3.44 (239.27) | 21.80 (209.14) | −27.31 (−69.62, 15.00) |
| Average percent of dietary energy from fat | 35.44 (5.29) | 35.44 (5.65) | 0.29 (2.87) | 0.42 (3.12) | −0.13 (−0.67, 0.40) |
| Physical Activity Preferences (liking) | 1.52 (0.25) | 1.52 (0.25) | −0.07 (0.12) | −0.10 (0.14) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) |
| Overconcern with weight and shape (0–100) | 29.92 (27.43) | 29.21 (27.85) | −1.58 (11.46) | −1.70 (11.38) | 0.26 (−2.18, 2.71) |
| Body shape dissatisfaction | 1.23 (1.85) | 1.11 (1.78) | −0.22 (0.66) | −0.16 (0.62) | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.08) |
| School Performance (9 = mostly A’s to 1 = mostly F’s) | 7.69 (1.26) | 7.55 (1.47) | −0.38 (0.96) | −0.22 (1.28) | −0.10 (−0.35, 0.15) |
| Depressive Symptoms (0–20) | 1.96 (2.74) | 2.09 (2.74) | −0.49 (1.10) | −0.26 (1.38) | −0.21 (−0.42, −0.001)* |
| Self-Esteem (high = 10 to low = 40) | 19.16 (3.87) | 19.27 (4.00) | −0.90 (2.04) | −0.70 (2.16) | −0.22 (−0.66, 0.21) |
| Preferences for things African-American (1–7) | 4.13 (1.31) | 4.22 (1.42) | 0.07 (0.54) | −0.06 (0.45) | 0.11 (0.01, 0.22)* |
| African-American family practices and values (1–7) | 5.55 (1.28) | 5.61 (1.30) | 0.08 (0.58) | 0.02 (0.58) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.16) |
| Racial Segregation (1–7) | 4.66 (1.59) | 4.67 (1.73) | −0.16 (0.65) | −0.04 (0.69) | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.03) |
| African-American ethnic identity | 4.73 (1.37) | 4.75 (1.50) | 0.11 (0.56) | 0.01 (0.63) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.22) |
*
P < .05 between group differences.
**
P ≤ .001 between group differences.
†
Adjusted mean difference and 95% confidence interval between the dance & screen time reduction Treatment group (T) and the health education Comparison group (C) per year.
††
Fasting blood results were obtained from 208 girls at baseline (107 [80%] Treatment and 101 [80%] Comparison), 211 girls at FU4 (112 [84%] Treatment and 99 [78%] Comparison), and 170 girls at both baseline and FU4 (90 [67%] Treatment and 80 [63%] Comparison). Girls with fasting blood results at baseline had statistically significantly lower heights than girls without blood results (P<.05), and girls with fasting blood results at FU4 and at both baseline and FU4 were more likely to be from a family that owned its own home (P=.03 and P=.03, respectively), but girls with and without blood results were not statistically significantly different on any other baseline measures.