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Competing hypotheses of expanded repeat disease pathogenic pathways involving RNA. (1) RNA sequestration – via alternative splicing (Mankodi et al., 2002; Ranum and Day, 2004) or Akt/GSK3β pathway (van Eyk et al., 2011; Jones et al., 2012; Lawlor et al., 2012). (2) RAN (repeat associated non-AUG) Translation (Zu et al., 2011; Ash et al., 2013; Mori et al., 2013; Todd et al., 2013). (3) Toll “self” RNA recognition (Lawlor et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2011; Samaraweera et al., 2013).
