Table 2.
Clinical trials.
| Study | N (CBD) | Subjects | Time | Dosing | Outcome(s) (≥ greater; ≤ less) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consroe et al. [15] | 15 (15) | Huntington’s | 6 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD 700 mg #, PO | CBD = PBO (chorea severity) |
| Carlini and Cunha [ 59] | 15 (15) | Insomnia | Acute | Fixed-dose; CBD 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg, NTZ 5 mg PO | CBD [160 mg] > PBO (sleep duration)
CBD [all doses] < PBO (dream recall) CBD [all doses] = NTZ = PBO (sleep induction) |
| Cunha et al. [61] | 15 (8) | Epilepsy | 2–18 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD 200–300 mg, PO | CBD < PBO (seizures) |
| Crippa et al. [62] | 10 (10) | Social anxiety disorder | Acute | Fixed-dose; CBD 400 mg, PO | CBD < PBO (anxiety) |
| Bergamaschi et al. [63] | 24 (12) | Social anxiety disorder | Acute | Fixed-dose; CBD 600 mg, PO | CBD < PBO (anxiety) |
| Leweke et al. [64] | 42 (21) | Schizophrenia | 4 weeks | Fixed-dose; CBD 600 mg; AMI 600 mg, PO | CBD = AMI (positive symptoms) |
| Zuardi et al. [65] | 3 (3) | Schizophrenia | 4 weeks | Fixed-dose; CBD—up to 1,280 mg, PO | CBD = PBO (positive and negative symptoms) |
| Zuardi et al. [66] | 2 (2) | Bipolar I disorder | 4 weeks | Fixed-dose; CBD—up to 1,280 mg, PO | CBD = PBO (mania) |
| Hallak et al. [67] | 28 (9) | Schizophrenia | Acute | Fixed-dose; CBD 300 mg or 600 mg, PO | CBD [600 mg] > CBD [300 mg] & PBO (Stroop Color Word Test errors) |
| Killestein et al. [68,69] | 16 (16) | Multiple sclerosis | 4 weeks | Flexible-dose; ∆9-THC 5–10 mg; Cannabis extract 5–10 mg (20–30% CBD), PO | CBD + ∆9-THC > ∆9-THC > PBO (side-effects)
CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC = PBO (spasticity) CBD + ∆9-THC > PBO (TNF-alpha) |
| Zajicek
et al. [70] (CAMS) |
630 (211) | Multiple sclerosis | 15 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD (to 12.5 mg/d); ∆9-THC (to 25 mg/d), PO | CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC = PBO (pain)
CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC = PBO (spasticity) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC = PBO (spasms) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC = PBO (sleep quality) |
| Freeman
et al. [71] (CAMS-LUTS) |
255 (88) | Multiple sclerosis | 13 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD (to 12.5 mg/d); ∆9-THC (to 25 mg/d), PO | CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC < PBO (urinary incontinence) |
| Strasser et al. [72] | 243 (95) | Cancer anorexia | 6 weeks | Fixed-dose; CBD 2 mg; ∆9-THC 5 mg, PO | CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC = PBO (appetite, nausea, mood) |
| Johnson et al. [73] | 177 (60) | Cancer pain | 2 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD 20–30 mg; ∆9-THC 22–32 mg, OMC | CBD + ∆9-THC < PBO (pain; NRS)
∆9-THC < PBO (pain; BPI-SF) CBD + ∆9-THC > PBO (nausea) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC > PBO (cognitive deficits) |
| Brady et al. [74] | 15 (15) | Multiple sclerosis | 8 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD & ∆9-THC 34 mg #, OMC | ∆9-THC < BAS (spasticity)
∆9-THC > BAS (sleep quality) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC < BAS (pain) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC < BAS (incontinence) |
| Wade et al. [75] | 20 (20) | Multiple sclerosis (14/20) + neuropathic pain | 2 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD & ∆9-THC 45 mg #, OMC | ∆9-THC & CBD < PBO (pain; VAS)
CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC & CBD = PBO (pain; NRS) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC < PBO (spasms; VAS) ∆9-THC > PBO (appetite; VAS) CBD + ∆9-THC > PBO (sleep quality; VAS) ∆9-THC > PBO (memory impairment) |
| Notcutt et al. [76] | 34 (34) | Multiple sclerosis (16/34) + neuropathic pain | 5 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD & ∆9-THC 2.5 mg per spray, OMC | CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC < CBD & PBO (pain)
CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC > CBD > PBO (sleep quality) |
| Berman et al. [77] | 48 (48) | Neuropathic pain | 2 weeks | Flexible-dose; CBD & ∆9-THC 20 mg or 8–10 sprays per day #, OMC | CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC < PBO (pain; BS-11)
∆9-THC < PBO (pain; SF-MPQ) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC = PBO (pain disability) CBD + ∆9-THC & ∆9-THC > PBO (sleep quality) |
CBD = cannabidiol; ∆9-THC = delta-9-tetrahyrdocannabinol; AMI = amisulpride; MS = multiple sclerosis; SAD = social anxiety disorder; OMC = oromucosal; PO = oral; PBO = placebo; IV = intravenous; INH = inhalation; # = mean dose; BPI-SF = Brief Pain Inventory Short Form; SF-MPQ = short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire; VAS = visual analogue scale; NRS = numerical rating scale; NTZ = nitrazepam; BAS = versus baseline value.