Coding of Ordinalized Behavioral Scales

Modality				Definition
Mother Facial Affecta			Mouth widen (MW)	Mouth open (MO)	Other
90	mock surprise		MW 0 (1)	MO 3 (4)	eye brows raised
85	smile 3		MW 2	MO 3 (4)
80	smile 2		MW 2	MO 2
70	smile 1		MW 1	MO1 (2)
67	oh face	Interest	MW 0	MO 1 (2)
60	positive		MW 0	MO 1 (0)	[kiss/purse]
	attention		MW 1	MO 0
50	neutral		MW 0	MO 0
45	2 = woe face				empathic pout and/or frown
40	1 = negative face		grimace and/or compressed lips
Infant Facial Affectb			MW	MO	Other
5	medium high/high positive		2	3 (4)
4	low/medium positive		1	1 (2)
3	interest/neutral		0 (1)	0
2	mild negative		Grimace	0 (1)	[and/or frown]
1	negative		squared anger mouth/pre-cry/cry-face (partial/full display)	2 (3)	[and/or frown]
Mother/Infant Gaze
1 = on partner’s face
0 = off partner’s face
Infant Vocal Affectc
6	high positive				rising intonations, peals, laughter
5	neutral/positive				includes gurgles, coos, neutral sounds
4	None
3	fuss/whimper
2	angry protest				distinct angry quality
1	Cry				full-blown cry
For data analysis, codes were combined:
4	positive/neutral
3	None
2	fuss/whimper
1	angry protest/cry
Infant Head Orientationd				Infant Touche
6	en face			0	None
5	enface/head down			1	touch/suck own skin
4	30–60 degree minor avert			2	touch/suck own clothing, strap, chair
3	30–60 avert + head down			3	touch/suck mother’s skin, clothing
2	60–90 degree major avert			For data analysis, codes were ordinalized:
1	Arch			3	more than one code within one sec
				2	any one code
				1	None
Mother Spatial Orientationf
3	upright				torso/shoulders perpendicular to floor
2	forward				torso bent 45 degrees, minimum 12 inches from infant’s face
1	loom				torso bent 80 degrees, within 12 inches of infant’s face
Dyadic Mother “Chase”- Infant “Dodge”f : Coding Rules The infant may initiate the chase and dodge sequence with a “dodge” that consists of at least a 30-degree lateral head aversion from the vis-à-vis orientation with the mother. A maternal “chase” requires that mother is already in a forward or loom spatial orientation, and that she alters the position of her head or body in the direction of the infant’s head aversion. The mother must begin chasing within 1 sec of the infant’s head aversion. If more than 1 sec elapses between the infant’s head aversion and the mother’s movement, then the chase and dodge sequence is said to be initiated by the mother’s movement. Chase and dodge movement focuses only on lateral movement. This refers to movement away from the vis-à-vis position toward the side from which the infant has just moved. Chase and dodge is present as long as movement by at least one partner continues within 2 secs (e.g. the infant turns his head from side to side). Even if the infant’s head is averted or the mother is in a “chasing” position, chase and dodge is not considered present if there is no movement for 2 seconds or more. Chase and dodge is no longer coded when either the mother or the infant are in the vis-à-vis position for 1 sec. A minimum of 2 sec duration is required to code chase and dodge.

Note. Codes within each modality coding scheme are mutually exclusive. Coding rules for multiple codes within the same sec follow Tronick and Weinberg (1990). If two codes occur in the same sec, the code occurring in the first half of the sec is attached to that sec; the code occurring in the second half of the sec is attached to the following sec. For vocalization, this coding rule was adapted as follows: if two vocalizations occur in the same sec, code the most intense one; if they are of equal intensity, code the second one. Vocalizations are scored in the sec they occur even if they occur in the second half of the sec (consistent with Weinberg & Tronick, 1990).

^aMother Facial Affect coding follows Beebe and Gerstman (1980). Two degrees of mouth widen (MW) were distinguished: MW1 = sideways lip stretch (without zygomaticus retraction); MW2 = lip-corner raise (zygomaticus retraction). Four degrees of mouth open (MO) were distinguished, from lips slightly parted to maximal display of mouth open (“gape”). Reliability was evaluated based on configurations (levels 40 – 90).

^bInfant Facial Affectcoding follows Koulomzin et al. (2002) and Marquette (1999). Two degrees of mouth widen and four degrees of mouth open were distinguished, definitions identical to that of mother facial affect. Reliability was evaluated based on configurations (levels 1 – 5).

^cInfant Vocal Affect coding follows Demetri-Friedman (2005), adapted from Tronick and Weinberg (1990).

^dInfant Head orientation coding follows Koulomzin et al. (2002) and Marquette (1999).

^eInfant Touch coding follows Koulomzin et al. (2002); see also Hentel et al., (2000); Marquette (1999).

^fMother Spatial Behavior coding follows Kushnick (2002) and Demetriades (2003); Mother Chase – Infant Dodge coding follows Kushnick (2002).