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. 2013 Sep 5;8(9):e74003. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074003

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© 2013 Pakrashi et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Alimentary canal of untreated daphnids shows (A) uniform gut lining with intact microvilli and basal membrane; (B) a closure view of the gut lining showing healthy microvilli and basal membrane. The treated samples show (C) disrupted cellular features with (D) disintegrated micrivilli and basal membrane. Certain samples also showed (E) complete destruction of microvilli with few loosely attached cells and (F) abnormal cellular interior. BM: basal membrane; MV: microvilli. The gut lining of at least five different animals were observed to draw a conclusion (n = 5).