Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample, for all participants and by sex.a
| Characteristic | Total sample (n = 378) | Females (n = 194) | Males (n = 184) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42.0 (13.0) | 40.0 (13.0) | 44.0 (14.0) |
| Education (years) | 3.0 (5.0) | 1.0 (5.0) | 4.0 (6.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.7 (5.0) | 20.7 (5.0) | 19.0 (4.2) |
| BMI < 18.5 (%) | 33.4 | 26.4 | 40.8 |
| Ever-smoker (%) | 36.5 | 5.7 | 69.0 |
| Ever betel nut use (%) | 42.6 | 41.2 | 44.0 |
| Television ownership (%) | 58.2 | 57.2 | 59.2 |
| wAs (μg/L) | 114.0 (190.3) | 113.1 (186.9) | 114.1 (215.2) |
| wAs > 10 μg/L (%) | 79.9 | 80.4 | 79.4 |
| wAs > 50 μg/L (%) | 68.3 | 68.6 | 67.9 |
| uAs (μg/L) | 122.5 (223.0) | 119.0 (217.0) | 126.0 (218.0) |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 40.3 (57.0) | 36.2 (49.8) | 44.0 (57.1) |
| uAs/g creatinine | 329.5 (454.0) | 360.0 (465.0) | 307.5 (392.0) |
| bAs (μg/L) | 10.9 (13.3) | 10.3 (12.4) | 12.3 (14.3) |
| Plasma folate (nmol/L) | 11.1 (6.5) | 12.5 (6.9) | 9.7 (5.1) |
| Folate deficient, < 9 nmol/L (%) | 29.4 | 20.6 | 38.8 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 9.0 (4.3) | 7.7 (3.5) | 10.7 (5.1) |
| Hyperhomocysteinemia, > 13 μmol/L (%) | 16.1 | 7.2 | 25.5 |
| Blood GSH (μmol/L) | 494.6 (227.3) | 436.6 (212.0) | 529.7 (209.7) |
| Blood GSSG (μmol/L) | 34.3 (23.4) | 34.5 (20.6) | 33.9 (25.8) |
| Blood GSH Eh | –199.9 (14.3) | –197.4 (12.4) | –203.2 (12.3) |
| Plasma Cys (μmol/L) | 3.2 (2.8) | 3.5 (2.5) | 2.9 (2.9) |
| Plasma CySS (μmol/L) | 55.5 (19.0) | 53.6 (19.7) | 56.2 (19.0) |
| Plasma Cys Eh | –48.5 (22.6) | –49.4 (19.3) | –46.1 (24.0) |
| Abbreviations: bAs, blood As; Cys, cysteine; CySS, cystine; Eh, reduction potential; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; uAs, urinary As; wAs, water As. aValues are median (interquartile range) unless otherwise noted. | |||