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. 2013 Sep 5;8(9):e73390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073390

Figure 1. Grape extracts inhibit cholera intoxication of culture cells.

Figure 1

(A–B) CHO cells were incubated for 2 h (A) or 18 h (B) with various concentrations of CT in the absence or presence of grape extract before cAMP levels were quantified. (C) CHO cells were incubated for 2 h with various concentrations of CT in the absence or presence of a chemically defined phenolic cocktail before cAMP levels were quantified. (D) CHO cells were incubated for 2 h with 100 µM forskolin in the absence or presence of grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, or phenolic cocktail before cAMP levels were quantified. For all panels, data are presented as percentages of the maximal cAMP response for the experiment (i.e., the cAMP level obtained from untreated cells exposed to 100 ng/mL of CT or to 100 µM forskolin). The averages ± standard deviations of 3–4 independent experiments with triplicate samples are shown. In panels A–C, all experimental conditions were significantly different from the No Treatment control at every matched toxin concentration (1-way ANOVA, p<0.05).