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. 2013 Sep 5;9(9):e1003622. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003622

Figure 4. Participation of the JNK Pathway in L3–5 Mosquitoes Refractory (R) responses to Plasmodium berghei Infection.

Figure 4

(A) Basal mRNA expression of genes from the JNK pathway in the midgut and hemocytes of G3 susceptible (S) (gray) and R (blue) mosquitoes. (B) Expression of effector genes regulated by the JNK pathway in S (gray) and R (blue) mosquitoes. Basal mRNA levels of HPx2 and NOX5 in the midgut, and of TEP1 and FBN9 in hemocytes. Graphs represent the expression level in R females, relative to S females, that were adjusted to a value of “1”; for R females samples the bars represent the SEM of three biological replicates from independent experiments (see Table S4). P-values determined by paired Student's-T test after log2 transformation; *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01, ***, p<0.001. (C) Effect of silencing JNK (right panel) in the number of melanized and live parasites on individual midguts of R mosquitoes. Red dots indicate the number of parasites on an individual midgut, live (y-axis) and melanized (x-axis). Green horizontal bars indicate median infection intensities. Inset pie graphs represent the percentage of total parasites for each group displaying a live (green) or melanized (black) phenotype; percentage displayed refers to melanized parasites. Graphs represent data from three biological replicates (see Table S10). (n = number of midguts analyzed).