(A–D) Animals killed 24 hours post-stroke. One-way analysis of variance and S-N-K post hoc revealed a significant increase in inflammation in green fluoroscent protein (GFP)-ex vivo-derived dendritic cells (exDC)-treated subjects compared with vehicle and sTNFR1-exDC-treated animals. (A) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (P=0.016), (B) MCP-1 (P=0.022), (C) IL-6 (P=0.028), (D) IL-1β (P=0.064). (E–H) Subjects killed 3 days poststroke showed no significant differences in these inflammatory factors. *P<0.05 compared with vehicle ^P<0.05 compared with sTNFR1. At 24 hours vehicle (N=9), GFP (N=9), sTNFR1 (N=9) and 3 days vehicle (N=9), GFP (N=10), sTNFR1 (N=10). Error bars indicate s.e.m.