Table 2.
Characteristics of Current Elder Care Homes in Nanjing (N = 140) According to Year of Establishment and Ownership
| Year Established |
Ownership |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total (N = 140) | Before 1990 (n = 27) | 1990s (n = 25) | 2000s (n = 88) | Government (n = 61) | Non-Government (n = 79) |
| Sources of daily operating revenues, %* | ||||||
| Government, mean ± SD | 19.5 ± 34.9 | 60.8 ± 43.7 | 19.2 ± 34.8 | 7.6 ± 20.3 | 42.2 ± 43.8 | 2.4 ± 4.1 |
| Private pay, mean ± SD | 79.3 ± 35.4 | 38.7 ± 43.5 | 79.3 ± 37.6 | 91.2 ± 20.7 | 56.9 ± 44.5 | 96.2 ± 7.2 |
| Other sources, mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 5.2 | 0.5 ± 2.1 | 1.5 ± 6.2 | 1.3 ± 5.5 | 0.8 ± 4.2 | 1.5 ± 5.8 |
| Receiving government bed subsidies, % | 70.0 | 37.0 | 48.0 | 86.4 | 50.8 | 84.8 |
| Structure and organization, % | ||||||
| Government ownership | 43.6 | 96.3 | 60.0 | 22.7 | - | - |
| Expansion currently under way | 22.1 | 12.0 | 21.7 | 26.4 | 19.0 | 26.0 |
| Hospital affiliated | 12.1 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 18.2 | 6.6 | 16.5 |
| Chain membership | 7.9 | 0.0 | 16.0 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 7.6 |
| Total number of beds, mean ± SD | 77.4 ± 84.4 | 86.3 ± 121.7 | 69.8 ± 58.0 | 76.8 ± 77.4 | 81.0 ± 94.4 | 74.6 ± 76.3 |
| Occupancy rate, mean ± SD | 75.2 ± 25.3 | 83.9 ± 22.8 | 80.2 ± 21.7 | 71.2 ± 26.3 | 83.1 ± 20.5 | 69.2 ± 27.1 |
| Staffing | ||||||
| Administrator | ||||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 49.3 ± 9.1 | 53.8 ± 7.9 | 51.1 ± 6.2 | 47.4 ± 9.6 | 51.4 ± 8.3 | 47.7 ± 9.4 |
| Female, % | 65.0 | 63.0 | 64.0 | 65.9 | 68.9 | 62.0 |
| Education, some college or higher, % | 39.3 | 22.2 | 28.0 | 47.7 | 31.2 | 45.6 |
| Founder of current facility, % | 48.6 | 3.7 | 28.0 | 69.0 | 21.3 | 70.5 |
| Separation of direct-care and housekeeping staff, % | 32.9 | 22.2 | 20.0 | 39.8 | 29.5 | 35.4 |
| Direct-care staff | ||||||
| Number of staff per 100 residents, mean ± SD | 18.1 ± 10.5 | 14.6 ± 9.5 | 15.9 ± 17.0 | 19.7 ± 7.8 | 14.8 ± 8.5 | 20.6 ± 11.2 |
| Percentage female, mean ± SD | 74.4 ± 20.6 | 81.0 ± 20.7 | 83.5 ± 19.9 | 69.9 ± 19.6 | 79.0 ± 18.3 | 70.9 ± 21.7 |
| Percentage middle school or more education, mean ± SD | 50.7 ± 38.6 | 59.8 ± 37.4 | 61.9 ± 41.0 | 44.8 ± 37.5 | 61.8 ± 38.3 | 42.3 ± 36.9 |
| Percentage rural migratory workers, mean ± SD | 55.0 ± 43.1 | 28.1 ± 38.6 | 48.1 ± 44.1 | 65.2 ± 40.6 | 37.7 ± 42.5 | 68.4 ± 38.9 |
| Facility provides housing for direct-care staff, % | 82.1 | 51.9 | 76.0 | 94.3 | 63.9 | 97.4 |
| If so, percentage of staff living in facility, mean ± SD | 93.4 ± 17.9 | 76.9 ± 30.6 | 91.8 ± 19.4 | 96.6 ± 12.6 | 86.2 ± 25.1 | 97.1 ± 11.2 |
| Any professional nurse, % | 29.3 | 18.5 | 16.0 | 36.4 | 27.9 | 30.4 |
| Any physician, % | 30.7 | 22.2 | 20.0 | 36.4 | 26.2 | 34.2 |
| Resident characteristics | ||||||
| Number of residents, mean ± SD | 50.7 ± 51.5 | 58.9 ± 57.0 | 46.0 ± 32.1 | 49.5 ± 54.3 | 58.9 ± 53.2 | 44.4 ± 49.5 |
| Percentage female, mean ± SD | 54.9 ± 21.5 | 38.3 ± 23.3 | 58.7 ± 24.5 | 58.8 ± 17.4 | 48.4 ± 24.4 | 60.0 ± 17.4 |
| Percentage aged 60, mean ± SD | 94.5 ± 10.7 | 92.9 ± 9.0 | 95.6 ± 6.7 | 94.7 ± 12.1 | 94.2 ± 7.5 | 94.7 ± 12.7 |
| Payment source (overlapping allowed), mean ± SD | ||||||
| Percentage private pay, out of pocket | 35.2 ± 40.2 | 14.1 ± 26.7 | 38.1 ± 36.7 | 40.7 ± 42.7 | 25.0 ± 37.0 | 43.2 ± 41.0 |
| Percentage private pay, with pensions | 61.0 ± 38.3 | 36.0 ± 39.3 | 68.2 ± 35.4 | 66.3 ± 36.2 | 50.0 ± 42.8 | 69.6 ± 32.2 |
| Percentage welfare recipients | 16.0 ± 31.7 | 48.8 ± 45.6 | 19.8 ± 32.4 | 5.0 ± 16.0 | 33.6 ± 42.2 | 2.8 ± 5.6 |
| Health and functioning, mean ± SD | ||||||
| Percentage independent | 47.1 ± 36.2 | 68.5 ± 32.2 | 55.3 ± 37.6 | 38.0 ± 33.9 | 61.3 ± 34.5 | 35.9 ± 33.7 |
| Percentage needing assistance with eating | 18.4 ± 23.3 | 10.1 ± 21.8 | 8.3 ± 10.3 | 23.6 ± 24.8 | 12.3 ± 22.6 | 22.9 ± 22.9 |
| Percentage needing assistance with dressing | 40.1 ± 34.1 | 15.8 ± 24.9 | 27.8 ± 34.7 | 50.5 ± 31.7 | 22.8 ± 29.7 | 52.8 ± 31.5 |
| Percentage needing assistance with walking | 40.8 ± 32.3 | 22.8 ± 27.0 | 26.1 ± 26.9 | 50.2 ± 31.6 | 25.7 ± 27.0 | 52.0 ± 31.5 |
| Percentage with dementia | 23.2 ± 26.5 | 17.5 ± 24.3 | 11.8 ± 16.6 | 28.2 ± 28.2 | 20.7 ± 28.7 | 25.2 ± 24.7 |
| Percentage physically restrained | 7.5 ± 17.8 | 4.9 ± 18.1 | 2.3 ± 5.4 | 9.8 ± 19.5 | 6.2 ± 17.2 | 8.5 ± 18.2 |
| Percentage bladder incontinence | 27.4 ± 30.0 | 20.3 ± 31.6 | 20.8 ± 25.3 | 31.4 ± 30.4 | 22.2 ± 30.6 | 31.4 ± 29.2 |
| Percentage bowel incontinence | 20.8 ± 26.4 | 12.8 ± 24.4 | 15.2 ± 21.8 | 24.8 ± 27.6 | 14.1 ± 24.1 | 25.9 ± 27.1 |
| Percentage with pressure ulcers | 1.0 ± 3.1 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 4.1 | 1.2 ± 3.2 | 0.6 ± 2.1 | 1.3 ± 3.6 |
| Percentage receiving tube feeding | 2.0 ± 6.9 | 1.5 ± 4.9 | 0.2 ± .6 | 2.6 ± 8.1 | 1.4 ± 4.9 | 2.4 ± 8.1 |
| Percentage receiving tranquilizers | 2.2 ± 5.0 | 3.1 ± 7.4 | 1.5 ± 4.3 | 2.1 ± 4.3 | 1.7 ± 4.0 | 2.6 ± 5.7 |
*
Mean percentages add up to 100%, per column.
SD = standard deviation.