Table 1.
Mechanisms Of Dietary Compounds That Have Been Shown To Induce Apoptosis In Cancer Cells.
| Dietary compound | Target/Mechanisms | Ref # |
|---|---|---|
| EGCG | Activation of caspases and inhibition of NF-κB | [34] |
| Enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis and activation of Fas | [35] | |
| Activation of p53 | [36] [38] |
|
| Activating capase-3/7 and inhibition of Bcl-2, survivin and XIAP | [39] | |
| Induction of Fas. Decreased phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 | [40] | |
| Increase in Bax, and decrease in Bcl-2 | [42] | |
| ROS generation; and decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | [46] | |
| Resveratrol | Activation of Fas, FADD and procaspase-8 | [47] |
| Caspase-3-dependent pathway | [49], [50] | |
| Activation of p53, release of cytochrome c, and alteration in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | [52] | |
| Induction of ROS | [53] | |
| Cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase | [57] | |
| Fisetin | Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol, downregulation of XIAP, and upregulation of Smac/DIABLO. Activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9. Induction of Bax, and decrease in Bcl-2. Inhibition of PI3K, and phosphorylation of Akt | [67] |
| Activation of p53. Inhibition of NF-κB activity | [68] | |
| Inhibition of VEGF. Cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2/M phases. Activation of p53 | [69] | |
| Decreased DR3 and increased the IkBalpha expression, and NF-κB inhibitor | [71] | |
| Genistein | Enhancement of TRIAL-induced apoptosis | [76] |
| Activation of caspase-9 and -3 release of cytochrome c |
[77] | |
| Activation of p53 Induction of G2/M phase |
[79] | |
| Downregulation of the expression of survivin and downregulation of EGFR, HER2, and ERα expression | [80] | |
| Increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Overexpression of calpain, caspase-12, and caspase-3, and apoptosis-inducing-factor | [81] | |
| Curcumin | Enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of NF-κB | [83] |
| Upregulation of caspase-3 and -9 activity | [88] | |
| Increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-7 and induction of ROS | [89] | |
| Apigenin | Induced Bid cleavage and the activation of caspases-8, -10, -9, and -3 | [91] |
| Reduced expression of phospho-JAK1 and phospho-STAT3 and activated NF-κB | [94] | |
| Delphinidin | Activation of caspases. Increase in Bax, Bid, Bak. Decrease in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL | [95] |
| Inhibition of NF-κB | [99] | |
| Reduced HER2 and MAPK signaling | [101] |