Table 2. Methodology of selected principles, criteria and indicators for identifying areas suitable for sustainable oil palm expansion based on sustainability criteria of RSPO, RSB and RES-D [49,52,53] (see for additional information S2).

Principle	Criteria	Indicator
1: Conservation values must be maintained or enhanced	1.1: Valuable biodiversity is protected or enhanced on a population, meta-population and ecosystem level	1.1.1: Formal protection and conservation areas (HCV 1.1)
		1.1.2: Distribution and habitats protected and endangered species (Red List, CITES) (HCV1.2 - HCV 1.3 - HCV 1.4)
		1.1.3: Endangered ecosystem intact landscapes, and large scale intact forest (HCV 2 & 3)
	1.2: Ecosystem services are maintained	1.2.1: Hydrological functions (HCV 4.1)
		1.2.2: Erosion risk (HCV 4.2)
		1.2.3: Buffer zones large scale fire (HCV 4.3)
		1.2.4: Carbon stocks
2: Human wellbeing is ensured and land (use) rights are respected	2.1: Community Use is respected	2.1.1: Provisioning services crucial for subsistence (HCV 5) or Cultural sites (HCV 6)
		2.1.2: Customary Land Rights
3: The area is biophysically suitable for oil palm cultivation	3.1: Suitable climate	3.1.1: Rainfall
	3.2: Suitable topography	3.2.1: Slope
		3.2.2: Elevation
	3.3: Suitable soil	3.3.1: Drainage
		3.3.2: Soil texture
		3.3.3: Soil depth
		3.3.4: Soil erosion risk
		3.3.5: Soil chemical properties