Table 5.
Frequency and percentage of the 30 studies included in the review which showed gender differences in the prevalence of exposure to occupational hazards related to working and employment conditions and work-related health problems
|
Occupational hazards and work-related health problemsa |
|
Studies which showed gender differences in the prevalence |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nb | %c | Higher prevalence of women than men | Higher prevalence of men than women | |
|
Working conditions |
|
|
|
|
|
Demand-Control-Support |
12 |
40.0 |
|
|
| High demand and low control |
|
|
Bildt [48]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ |
Lallukka [43]Φ; O’Campo [45]Φ |
| High demand |
|
|
Gadinger [25]**; Magnusson [34]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ |
Li [36]ψ Borrell [42]Φ Cortès [46]Φ Muhonen [47]* |
| Low control |
|
|
Magnusson [34]Φd Li [36]*** Borrell [42]Φ Cortès [46]Φ Muhonen [47]* Karlqvist [49]* |
Gadinger [25]* |
| Low support |
|
|
|
Gadinger [25]*; Magnusson [34]Φd; Cortès [46]Φ; Muhonen [47]*; Bildt [48]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ |
|
Time spent in paid work |
5 |
16.7 |
|
|
| Long workhours |
|
|
|
Artazcoz [35]***; Li [36]**; Lallukka [43]Φ; Bildt [48]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ |
|
Physically demanding work |
3 |
10.0 |
|
|
| High physically demanding work |
|
|
|
Lallukka [43]Φ; Bildt [48]Φd; Ibrahim [51]Φ |
|
Noise at work |
3 |
10.0 |
|
|
| High noise at work |
|
|
|
Borrell [42]Φ; Melamed [44]**; Karlqvist [49]Φ |
|
Job insecurity |
2 |
6.7 |
|
|
| High job insecurity |
|
|
Borrell [42]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ |
|
|
Effort-Reward imbalance |
2 |
6.7 |
|
|
| Effort-reward imbalance |
|
|
|
Li [36]*; Peter [37]*e |
|
Employment conditions |
|
|
|
|
|
Type of contract |
5 |
16.7 |
|
|
| Permanent |
|
|
|
Kim [32]Φ; Artazcoz [41]Φ |
| Temporary |
|
|
Kim [32]Φ; Borrell [42]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ; Bildt [48]Φd |
|
| Temporary fixed term |
|
|
Artazcoz [41]Φ |
|
| Temporary non-fixed term |
|
|
|
Artazcoz [41]Φ |
| No contract |
|
|
Artazcoz [41]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ |
|
|
Job status |
4 |
13.3 |
|
|
| Supervisors |
|
|
|
O’Campo [45]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ |
| Upper manager |
|
|
|
Gadinger [25]**; Muhonen [47]* |
| Middle manager |
|
|
Ibrahim [51]Φ |
|
|
Employment status |
3 |
10.0 |
|
|
| Full-time |
|
|
|
Kim [32]Φ; Cortès [46]* |
| Part-time |
|
|
Kim [32]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ |
|
|
Shift work |
2 |
6.7 |
|
|
| Shift-work |
|
|
Bildt [48]Φd |
Cortès [46]Φ |
|
Work-related health problems |
|
|
|
|
|
Physical health |
|
|
|
|
|
Musculoskeletal symptoms |
7 |
23.3 |
|
|
| Any |
|
|
Alterman [31]*; Kim [32]Φ; Muhonen [47]ψ; Karlqvist [49]*; Emslie [54]** |
|
| Low back |
|
|
Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]* |
|
| Neck |
|
|
Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]*; de Zwart [50]** |
|
| Upper extremity |
|
|
|
|
| Shoulder |
|
|
Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]*; de Zwart [50]** |
|
| Arm-hand |
|
|
Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]* |
|
| Wrist |
|
|
de Zwart [50]** |
|
|
Self-perceived physical health |
3 |
10.0 |
|
|
| Self-perceived poor health |
|
|
Gadinger [25]**; Kim [32]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ |
|
|
Respiratory symptoms |
2 |
6.7 |
|
|
| Respiratory symptoms |
|
|
Alterman [31]* |
Kim [32]Φ |
|
Mental health |
|
|
|
|
|
Self-perceived mental health |
5 |
16.7 |
|
|
| Poor mental health status |
|
|
Artazcoz [41]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ; Emslie [54]ψ |
|
| Mental health disorder |
|
|
Kim [32]Φ; Ludemir [40]* |
|
|
Psychosomatic complaints |
2 |
6.7 |
|
|
| Psychosomatic complaints |
|
|
Gadinger [25]**; Emslie [54]** |
|
|
Self-reported occupational stress |
2 |
6.7 |
|
|
| Self-reported occupational stress | Galanakis [30]**; Ibrahim [51]* | |||
a To be included, the difference between women and men in the prevalence of the exposure to the occupational hazard or the work-related health problem must be shown in at least two studies; b Number of articles where the difference in the prevalence was shown; c Percentage of articles where the difference in the prevalence was shown; d Cohort studies; e Case–control design.
* p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001; *** p < 0.0001; Ψ p ≥ 0.05; Φ No information available on the p-value or any other parameter of statistical significance regarding the difference observed in the prevalence.