Table 4.
Odds for perception of NHIS service provision to be ‘same’ or ‘better’ among men and women in Ghana, 2008
|
Independent variables |
Men |
Women |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wealth quintile | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Poorest (ref) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Poorer |
.945 (.222) |
.921 (.236) |
.940 (.244) |
1.05 (.190) |
1.07 (.201) |
1.10 (.215) |
| Middle |
.674 (.169) |
.635 (.179) |
.681 (.200) |
.841 (.139) |
.872 (.150) |
.942 (.177) |
| Richer |
.538 (.126)*** |
.522 (.142)*** |
.578 (.184)* |
.832 (.145) |
.835 (.153) |
.922 (.190) |
| Richest |
.429 (.097)*** |
.434 (.113)*** |
.489 (.152)** |
.871 (.156) |
.904 (.142) |
1.01 (.233) |
|
Education | ||||||
| No Education |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Primary Education |
1.17 (.275) |
1.21 (.287) |
1.23 (.309) |
.895 (.139) |
.880 (.142) |
.869 (.144) |
| Secondary/Higher |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| education |
1.13 (.216) |
1.26 (.242) |
1.25 (.250) |
.778 (.107)* |
.761 (.107)** |
.759 (.114)* |
|
Marital Status | ||||||
| Never married |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Currently married |
|
- |
.841 (.156) |
|
- |
1.18 (.161) |
| Formerly married |
|
- |
.562 (.184)* |
|
- |
.972 (.203) |
|
Age |
|
- |
1.01 (.006) |
|
- |
.992 (.006) |
|
Religious affiliation | ||||||
| Christians |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Muslims |
|
1.49 (.321)* |
1.53 (.321)** |
|
1.01 (.171) |
1.01 (.172) |
| Traditionalists |
|
.687 (.215) |
.664 (.210) |
|
1.42 (.460) |
1.41 (.463) |
| No religion |
|
.834 (.269) |
.860 (.280) |
|
.872 (.275) |
.869 (.272) |
|
Ethnicity | ||||||
| Akans |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Ga Dangbe |
|
1.26 (.374) |
1.24 (.363) |
|
.555 (.119)*** |
.550 (.117)*** |
| Ewe |
|
1.01 (.218) |
.987 (.212) |
|
.647 (.118)** |
.638 (.117)*** |
| Northern |
|
1.23 (.222) |
1.16 (.286) |
|
.927 (.150) |
.791 (.160) |
| Other |
|
.801 (.343) |
.778 (.320) |
|
.484 (.138)*** |
.464 (.135)*** |
|
Rural–urban residence | ||||||
| Urban |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Rural |
|
- |
1.14 (.202) |
|
- |
1.09 (.176) |
|
Region of residence | ||||||
| Southern Ghana |
|
- |
1.00 |
|
- |
1.00 |
| Northern Ghana |
|
- |
1.09 (.320) |
|
- |
1.22 (.280) |
|
Log Pseudo-likelihood |
−1323.8245 |
−1313.0039 |
−1310.7385 |
−1927.9633 |
−1914.0935 |
−1911.1388 |
|
Model significance (Wald | ||||||
|
Chi-sq) |
23.31 (5)*** |
33.51 (13)*** |
41.11(18)*** |
9.54 (6) |
30.19 (13)*** |
36.82 (18)*** |
|
Pseudo R2 |
.014 |
.021 |
.023 |
.001 |
.01 |
.01 |
|
Threshold 1 |
−2.52 |
−2.34 |
−2.05 |
−2.49 |
−2.62 |
−2.66 |
| Threshold 2 | -.567 | -.373 | -.074 | -.158 | -.267 | -.298 |
Note: ***p < .01;**p < .05;*p < .1.
Odds ratios are adjusted for clustering and robust standard errors are presented in brackets. Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions are classified as ‘Northern Ghana’, while Greater Accra, Central, Western, Brong Ahafo, Volta, Eastern and Ashanti regions are grouped as ‘Southern Ghana’.