Table 4.
Odds ratios of depression and anxiety in adults with and without cancer: subgroup analyses
| Subgroups | No. of studies | No. of subjects | OR | 95% CI | Q | I2 (%) | P§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Depression |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Control group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.013 |
| Disease control |
13 |
2554 |
6.03 |
4.23-8.61 |
37.63*** |
65.5 |
|
| Normal control |
8 |
1286 |
13.58 |
6.26-29.46 |
34.56*** |
79.7 |
|
| Method of depression assessment |
|
|
|
|
|
0.094 |
|
| Clinical diagnosis |
5 |
1010 |
12.41 |
5.16-29.84 |
23.33*** |
78.6 |
|
| Self-report questionnaire |
12 |
2474 |
6.83 |
4.70-9.93 |
52.23*** |
71.3 |
|
| Cancer type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
| Breast cancer |
3 |
380 |
10.84 |
1.44-81.85 |
14.83*** |
86.5 |
|
| Liver cancer |
3 |
794 |
4.54 |
2.92-7.05 |
5.20 |
42.3 |
|
| Lung cancer |
2 |
400 |
4.20 |
2.57-6.88 |
0.34 |
0 |
|
|
Anxiety |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Control group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.000 |
| Disease control |
11 |
2154 |
4.40 |
3.05-6.36 |
28.62** |
61.6 |
|
| Normal control |
6 |
786 |
15.47 |
10.00-23.95 |
2.44 |
0 |
|
| Method of anxiety assessment |
|
|
|
|
|
0.013 |
|
| Clinical diagnosis |
4 |
650 |
8.42 |
4.83-14.70 |
6.31 |
36.6 |
|
| Self-report questionnaire |
10 |
1974 |
5.83 |
3.64-9.34 |
48.78*** |
75.4 |
|
| Cancer type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
| Breast cancer |
3 |
390 |
8.24 |
3.49-19.44 |
4.22 |
52.6 |
|
| Liver cancer | 2 | 394 | 2.95 | 1.87-4.63 | 0.87 | 0 | |
**p < 0.01.
***p < 0.001.
§ P of comparison between these subgroups.
Note: The No. of studies per row is based on the independent group of cancer vs. control group. However, some studies included multiple control groups (e.g., disease and normal control). Thus, the total No. of studies per subgroup of control group is higher than the total number of the included studies in our meta-analysis. -, no report.