Skip to main content
. 2013 Aug 30;13:218. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-218

Table 4.

Severely impaired interpretation performers (LIP) show compromised cognition compared to healthy controls (Con) and non impaired interpretation performers (HIP)

Trait Descriptive Group contrast Effect [95%CI] Statistic p
Basic characteristics
Age (years)
 SZ
 39.5 ± 13
 (17–78)
  
  
  
  
  
mean ± SD (range)
 Con
 38.8 ± 14
 (18–71)
 HIP / Con
 2.75
 [−0.81, 6.31]
 t275= 1.522a
 0.13
 
 HIP
 41.0 ± 11
 (22–64)
 LIP / Con
 1.25
 [−2.31, 4.81]
 t275= 0.693a
 0.49
 
 LIP
 39.7 ± 13
 (18–71)
 LIP / HIP
 −1.40
 [−4.58, 1.77]
 t174=−0.873a
 0.38
Gender (% female)
 SZ
 33
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 Con
 32
  
 HIP / Con
 OR 1.25
 [0.66, 2.38]
 Fisherb
 0.54
 
 HIP
 38
  
 LIP / Con
 OR 0.83
 [0.42, 1.62]
 Fisherb
 0.64
 
 LIP
 28
  
 LIP / HIP
 OR 0.66
 [0.33, 1.31]
 Fisherb
 0.26
 
  
  
  
  
 for females
  
  
  
Smoker status (% yes)
 SZ
 48
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 Con
 63
  
 HIP / Con
 OR 0.45
 [0.21, 0.94]
 Fisherb
 0.025
 
 HIP
 43
  
 LIP / Con
 OR 0.57
 [0.26, 1.23]
 Fisherb
 0.15
 
 LIP
 49
  
 LIP / HIP
 OR 1.26
 [0.52, 3.05]
 Fisherb
 0.68
 
  
  
  
  
 for smokers
  
  
  
Disease related higher and basal cognition and premorbid intelligence
Reasoningc
 SZ
 20.8 ± 6.6
 (2–38)
  
  
  
  
  
mean ± SD (range)
 Con
 27.2 ± 5.2
 (14–38)
 HIP / Con
 −3.00
 [−4.86, -1.14]
 t265=−3.180a
 1.6x10-3
 
 HIP
 21.5 ± 6.5
 (8–38)
 LIP / Con
 −5.49
 [−7.63, -3.35]
 t265=−5.058a
 7.9 x10-7
 
 LIP
 18.2 ± 6.7
 (2–34)
 LIP / HIP
 −2.45
 [−4.07, -0.82]
 t164=−2.971a
 3.4 x10-3
Fine motor function
 SZ
 −0.12 ± 0.91
 (−3.22–3.22)
  
  
  
  
  
compositec
 Con
 0.97 ± 0.68
 (−1.09–2.83)
 HIP / Con
 −0.53
 [−0.75, -0.31]
 t268=−4.674a
 4.7 x10-6
mean ± SD (range)
 HIP
 −0.002 ± 0.87
 (−2.40–1.83)
 LIP / Con
 −0.78
 [−1.03, -0.52]
 t268=−5.951a
 8.3 x10-9
 
 LIP
 −0.45 ± 0.93
 (−2.89–1.90)
 LIP / HIP
 −0.23
 [−0.41, -0.05]
 t167=−2.471a
 0.014
Premorbid
 SZ
 26.2 ± 6.1
 (4–37)
  
  
  
  
  
intelligenced
 Con
 30.9 ± 4.0
 (18–37)
 HIP / Con
 −0.22
 [−2.06, 1.62]
 t267=−0.236a
 0.81
mean ± SD (range)
 HIP
 27.8 ± 5.0
 (13–37)
 LIP / Con
 −2.60
 [−4.74, -0.46]
 t267=−2.393a
 0.017
  LIP 23.8 ± 7.0 (5–35) LIP / HIP −2.51 [−4.19, -0.83] t166=−2.955a 3.6 x10-3

Multiple testing adjusted significances (applying Bonferroni (p≤ 0.007) and the closed testing principle) are set in boldface. All other p-values 0.05 are set in italic; at-Statistic tdf with df degrees of freedom for estimation of difference in means (employing a linear model on Blom-transformed trait); bFisher’s exact test for count data; cAdjusted for age at exam and PANSS negative (value 7 for healthy control). Reasoning ability was measured by LPS3 (subtest 3 of the Leistungsprüfsystem, a German test covering Thurstone’s primary mental abilities). Fine motor function composite is the mean from standardized (by Blom-transformation) MacQuarrie dotting and tapping; dAdjusted for age (age of onset of psychosis for schizophrenia HIP and LIP, age at exam for healthy control) and PANSS negative (value 7 for healthy control). Premorbid intelligence was assessed by MWTB (Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest, English translation: multiple choice vocabulary test of intelligence). Abbreviations: Con= Healthy control (N=102); SZ= Descriptive statistics for whole schizophrenia sample (N=881); HIP= High interpretation performers (N=88); LIP= Low interpretation performers (N=88), OR=Odds Ratio.