Table 2.
Summary results of logistic regression analysis for exposures
|
Exposure |
|
95% CI |
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | Lower | Upper | P value | n | |
| Education |
|
|
|
|
|
| No education |
Reference |
|
|
|
174 |
| School grades 1–9 |
0.900 |
0.612 |
1.323 |
0.594 |
4374 |
| Higher |
1.201 |
0.588 |
2.452 |
0.614 |
74 |
| Smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
Reference |
|
|
|
3480 |
| Current/former |
1.072 |
0.813 |
1.415 |
0.619 |
1126 |
| Illicit alcohol consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
Reference |
|
|
|
3701 |
| Occasional/frequent/past |
1.184 |
0.905 |
1.548 |
0.216 |
874 |
| Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
| Other |
Reference |
|
|
|
2816 |
| Farmer |
1.195 |
1.007 |
1.418 |
0.041 |
1780 |
| Agriculture type |
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-paddy |
Reference |
|
|
|
315 |
| Paddy |
0.732 |
0.542 |
0.988 |
0.042 |
2620 |
| Years working in agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
| <10 |
Reference |
|
|
|
660 |
| 10–19 |
0.834 |
0.603 |
1.152 |
0.271 |
777 |
| 20–49 |
1.092 |
0.777 |
1.535 |
0.611 |
1182 |
| ≥50 |
1.322 |
0.462 |
3.785 |
0.602 |
22 |
| Source of drinking water |
|
|
|
|
|
| Not well |
Reference |
|
|
|
798 |
| Well |
0.971 |
0.785 |
1.202 |
0.793 |
3819 |
| Water storage container |
|
|
|
|
|
| Others |
Reference |
|
|
|
1741 |
| Aluminium |
1.03 |
0.87 |
1.22 |
0.715 |
2879 |
| Protection from agrochemicals |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
Reference |
|
|
|
191 |
| No | 1.011 | 0.661 | 1.546 | 0.959 | 4271 |
Separate logistic regressions have been run per exposure variable; OR < 1 means protective, and OR > 1 means that the exposure increases the odds of CKDu. The total number (n) of observations varies per exposure, owing to missing data. All results are adjusted for sex and age. For all analyses, male sex was found to be protective and the risk increased with age.
CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
Being male reduced the risk of CKDu (OR = 0.745, 95% CI = 0.562 to 0.988; P < 0.05), and being >39 years increased the risk of CKDu (OR = 1.926, 95% CI = 1.561 to 2.376, P < 0.001).