Table 4.
Pesticide residues in urine of CKDu cases (n = 57)
| Parent compound | Biomarker | Reference limit (μg/l) | CKDu cases (μg/l), (minimum, maximum) | CKDu cases above reference limit (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,4-D |
2,4-D |
<0.3 |
0.5, 0.62 |
3.5 |
| Pentachlorophenol |
Pentachlorophenol |
<2 |
0.3, 2.2 |
1.7 |
| Chlorpyrifos |
3,5,6-trichloropyridinol |
<11.3 |
0.5, 34.7 |
10.5 |
| Parathion |
p-nitrophenol |
<25 |
0.5, 8.88 |
0 |
| Carbaryl naphthalene |
1-naphthol |
<19.7 |
0.5, 45.1 |
10.5 |
| Naphthalene |
2-naphthol, |
<17.1 |
0.94, 47.88 |
10.5 |
| Glyphosate |
Glyphosate |
<2 |
0.075, 3.36 |
3.5 |
| Glyphosate | AMPA | <0.5 | 0.075, 2.65 | 14 |