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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 7.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2012;40(5):363–408. doi: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v40.i5.10

TABLE 3.

Current limitations and challenges facing the field of bone tissue engineering.

Fundamental Challenges Selecting most effective:
  • -

    cell type

  • -

    scaffolds (mechanically-compatible, porosity)

  • -

    growth factors (which?, combination)
Achieving proper vascularization
Achieving seamless host integration
Knowledge Limitation Donor versus host cell contribution
Appropriate immunomodulatory biomaterials/agents
Possible side effects/ complications of donor cells/growth factors
Most appropriate animal models
Evaluation Challenges Regenerated Bone Quality
Regenerated Bone Functionality
Long –term tracking of the regenerated bone
Clinical Challenges FDA approval
Multi- vs. single- component
Expensive
Patient specific