Table 1.
Factors associated with hypertension in the Golestan Cohort Study
| Hypertensive, Number (%) | Normotensive, Number (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1* OR (95% CI) | Model 2** OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 21,350 (42.7) | 28,695 (57.3) | |||
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Gender
| |||||
| Male | 7,985 (37.6) | 13,249 (62.4) | 1 | NA | 1 |
| Female | 13,365 (46.4) | 15,446 (53.6) | 1.44 (1.38,1.49) | 1.11 (1.06,1.17) | |
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|
Age
| |||||
| Below 50 | 7,991 (31.6) | 17,323 (68.4) | 1 | NA | 1 |
| 50–60 years | 7,559 (49.3) | 7,784 (50.7) | 2.11 (2.02,2.19) | 2.20 (2.11,2.30) | |
| Above 60 | 5,800 (61.8) | 3,588 (38.2) | 3.51 (3.34,3.69) | 4.29 (4.05,4.53) | |
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BMI
| |||||
| Underweight | 597 (24.8) | 1,813 (75.2) | 0.66 (0.60,0.73) | 0.59 (0.53,0.65) | 0.59 (0.53,0.65) |
| Normal | 5,939 (33.1) | 11,990 (66.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Overweight | 7,678 (45.2) | 9,294 (54.8) | 1.67 (1.60,1.74) | 1.84 (1.75,1.92) | 1.87 (1.79,1.96) |
| Obese | 7,130 (56.0) | 5,594 (44.0) | 2.57 (2.46,2.70) | 2.95 (2.81,3.11) | 3.06 (2.90,3.22) |
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Place of residence
| |||||
| Rural | 17,173 (42.9) | 22,839 (57.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Urban | 4,177 (41.6) | 5,856 (58.4) | 0.95 (0.91,0.99) | 0.90 (0.86,0.94) | 0.85 (0.81,0.90) |
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Literacy
| |||||
| Illiterate | 16,382 (46.7) | 18,736 (53.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Literate | 4,968 (33.3) | 9,959 (66.7) | 0.57 (0.55,0.59) | 0.88 (0.84,0.92) | 0.84 (0.80,0.89) |
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Ethnicity
| |||||
| Turkmen | 16,247 (43.6) | 21,006 (56.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Non-Turkmen | 5,103 (39.9) | 7,689 (60.1) | 0.86 (0.82,0.89) | 0.80 (0.77,0.84) | 0.91 (0.87,0.95) |
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Physical activity
| |||||
| No | 19,599 (44.3) | 24,629 (55.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1,751 (30.1) | 4,064 (69.9) | 0.54 (0.51,0.57) | 0.74 (0.69,0.78) | 0.82 (0.77,0.88) |
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Smoking
| |||||
| Never | 17,578 (44.8) | 21,629 (55.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Light smoker | 632 (28.0) | 1,621 (72.0) | 0.48 (0.44,0.53) | 0.62 (0.56,0.69) | 0.75 (0.68,0.83) |
| Heavy smoker | 949 (29.9) | 2,228 (70.1) | 0.52 (0.48,0.57) | 0.61 (0.56,0.66) | 0.79 (0.73,0.87) |
| Ex-smoker | 1,277 (39.7) | 1,941 (60.3) | 0.81 (0.75,0.87) | 0.81 (0.75,0.88) | 0.92 (0.85,1.00) |
| Others | 914 (41.7) | 1,276 (58.3) | 0.88 (0.81,0.96) | 0.73 (0.67,0.80) | 0.87 (0.79,0.96) |
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Black tea
| |||||
| Q1 (<690 ml) | 6,919 (46.3) | 8,017 (53.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 (691–1035 ml) | 5,103 (42.8) | 6,823 (57.2) | 0.87 (0.83,0.91) | 0.89 (0.85,0.94) | 0.92 (0.88,0.97) |
| Q3 (1036–1500 ml) | 4,874 (41.5) | 6,884 (58.6) | 0.82 (0.78,0.86) | 0.85 (0.81,0.90) | 0.90 (0.85,0.95) |
| Q4 (> 1500 ml) | 4,454 (39.0) | 6,971 (61.0) | 0.74 (0.70,0.78) | 0.79 (0.75,0.83) | 0.86 (0.81,0.91) |
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Green tea
| |||||
| Non drinker | 17,623 (42.4) | 23,915 (57.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| drinker | 3,727 (43.8) | 4,780 (56.2) | 1.06 (1.01,1.11) | 1.01 (0.96,1.06) | 1.00 (0.98,1.02) |
|
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| Wealth score | |||||
| 1 unit increase | - | - | 0.84 (0.77,0.92) | 1.10 (1.00,1.21) | 0.75 (0.67,0.83) |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odd ratio; NA, not applicable; BMI, body mass index
*
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex;
**
Model 2: including all variables in the table.