Table 1.
Percentages of Wives Employed and Their Mean Employment Hours per Week, by Selected Characteristics: Japan 1994, 2000 and 2009
| Characteristics | % of Wives Employed | Mean Work Hours per Week of Employed Wives | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| 1994 | 2000 | 2009 | 1994 | 2000 | 2009 | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Mean | (N) | Mean | (N) | Mean | (N) | Mean | (N) | Mean | (N) | Mean | (N) | |
| Husbands’ employment hours | ||||||||||||
| Less than 35 | 45* | (51) | 57* | (135) | 54* | (103) | --a | (23) | 23* | (74) | 28 | (51) |
| 35–48† | 60 | (540) | 67 | (1,080) | 64 | (681) | 34 | (324) | 31 | (706) | 30 | (427) |
| 49 or more | 58 | (633) | 58* | (1,147) | 60 | (849) | 39* | (368) | 36* | (634) | 34* | (494) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Husbands’ income in previous year | ||||||||||||
| Less than 4 million yen† | 64 | (310) | 64 | (758) | 67 | (629) | 39 | (199) | 35 | (480) | 34 | (409) |
| 4–5.99 million yen | 58 | (453) | 62 | (820) | 61* | (541) | 36* | (263) | 34 | (480) | 33 | (315) |
| 6 million yen or more | 54* | (420) | 59* | (685) | 57* | (424) | 34* | (229) | 30* | (388) | 30* | (228) |
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| Age of youngest child | ||||||||||||
| 0–2 | 28* | (227) | 30* | (570) | 36* | (454) | 37 | (63) | 33 | (169) | 34* | (166) |
| 3–6 | 52* | (233) | 52* | (503) | 55* | (374) | 35 | (122) | 29* | (268) | 29 | (209) |
| 7–17† | 71 | (540) | 78 | (759) | 75 | (471) | 35 | (381) | 32 | (587) | 29 | (353) |
| No child under age 18 | 66 | (228) | 74 | (532) | 73 | (330) | 37 | (151) | 36* | (392) | 36* | (242) |
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| Living with parents/parents-in-law | ||||||||||||
| No† | 54 | (792) | 57 | (1,604) | 58 | (1,264) | 34 | (431) | 32 | (875) | 31 | (713) |
| Yes | 65* | (434) | 72* | (741) | 73* | (375) | 39* | (284) | 36* | (522) | 34* | (264) |
Notes: The percentages and the means are weighted for 2000 and 2009, but unweighted for 1994; the number of cases are all unweighted.
a
Mean is not shown due to a small number of cases (<50).
Statistical significance of the association of wives’ employment rate and hours with selected characteristics is estimated using the logistic or OLS regression models where each characteristic is the only predictor variable. A “*” indicates significance at 5-percent level. A “†” indicates the reference category.