Table 1.
Summary of aversive and appetitive paradigms including details of target structures and mechanisms.
| Setting | Behavioural paradigm | Manipulation | Target region | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aversive | Disruption—Amnesia | Protein synthesis inhibition—Anisomycin | Lateral amygdala | Nader et al., 2000a; Duvarci and Nader, 2004 |
| Cued fear conditioning | ||||
| NMDA antagonism—MK-801 | Systemic | Ben Mamou et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2006b | ||
| BLA | Ben Mamou et al., 2006 | |||
| B-adrenergic antagonism—propranolol | Lateral amygdala | Debiec and Ledoux, 2004, 2006 | ||
| Systemic | Kindt et al., 2009; Soeter and Kindt, 2012; Kindt and Soeter, 2013 | |||
| Protein kinase A inhibitor | Lateral amygdala | Tronson et al., 2006 | ||
| Cannabinoid CB1 agonist—WIN55212-2 | BLA | Lin et al., 2006 | ||
| Contextual fear conditioning | Protein synthesis inhibition—Anisomycin | Hippocampus | Debiec et al., 2002 | |
| Transcription factor inhibition—Zif268 | Hippocampus | Lee et al., 2004 | ||
| Amygdala | Lee et al., 2004; Malkani et al., 2004; Maddox et al., 2011 | |||
| NMDA antagonism—AP5 | Hippocampus | Lee and Hynds, 2012 | ||
| NMDA antagonism—MK-801 | Systemic | Charlier and Tirelli, 2011 | ||
| β-adrenergic antagonism—Propranolol | Systemic | Abrari et al., 2008 | ||
| GABAA agonist - midazolam | Systemic | Bustos et al., 2006; Zhang and Cranney, 2008 | ||
| Inhibitory avoidance | Protein synthesis inhibition—Anisomycin | Amygdala | Milekic et al., 2007 | |
| β-adrenergic antagonism—Propranolol | Systemic | Przybyslawski et al., 1999 | ||
| Acetylcholine antagonist—α 7 nicotinic antagonist | Hippocampus | Boccia et al., 2010 | ||
| Transcription inhibitor—NF-κB | Hippocampus | Boccia et al., 2007; Jobim et al., 2012 | ||
| mTOR inhibition | Hippocampus and BLA | Jobim et al., 2012 | ||
| BLA | Pedroso et al., 2013 | |||
| Conditioned taste aversion | Protein synthesis inhibition—Cyclohexamide | Systemic | Flint and Marino, 2007 | |
| Anisomycin | Insular cortex | Eisenberg et al., 2003; Bahar et al., 2004 | ||
| Protein kinase inhibition | BLA | Koh and Bernstein, 2003 | ||
| Cannabinoid CB1 agonist—WIN55212-2 | Insular cortex | Kobilo et al., 2007 | ||
| Enhancement | NMDA agonism—d-cycloserine | Systemic | Lee et al., 2006b | |
| Cued fear conditioning | Cannabinoid CB1 agonist—WIN55212-2 | Hippocampus | de Oliveira Alvares et al., 2008 | |
| Contextual fear conditioning | NMDA agonism—d-cycloserine | Systemic | Yamada et al., 2009 | |
| Appetitive | Disruption—Amnesia | Protein synthesis inhibition—Anisomycin | BLA | Lee et al., 2005 |
| Conditioned reinforcement | ||||
| Transcription factor inhibition—Zif268 | BLA | Lee et al., 2005 | ||
| NMDA antagonist—AP5 | BLA | Milton et al., 2008a | ||
| MK-801 | Systemic | Lee and Everitt, 2008a | ||
| β-adrenergic antagonism—Propranolol | Systemic | Milton et al., 2008b | ||
| Sign-tracking and Pavlovian—Instrumental transfer | NMDA antagonist—MK-801 | Systemic | Lee and Everitt, 2008a,c; Milton et al., 2008a, 2012 | |
| B-adrenergic antagonism—Propranolol (cocaine sign tracking only) | Systemic | Milton and Everitt, 2010 | ||
| Goal tracking | NMDA antagonist—MK-801 | Systemic | Reichelt and Lee, 2012 | |
| Conditioned place preference | Protein synthesis inhibition—Anisomycin | BLA | Milekic et al., 2006 | |
| NMDA antagonist—AP5 | Hippocampus | Sakurai et al., 2007 | ||
| MK-801 | Systemic | Sadler et al., 2007; Brown et al., 2008; Alaghband and Marshall, 2012 | ||
| β-adrenergic antagonism—Propranolol | Systemic | Bernardi et al., 2006; Robinson and Franklin, 2007a,b; Fricks-Gleason and Marshall, 2008; Achterberg et al., 2012 | ||
| GABAA agonist—Midazolam | Systemic | Robinson and Franklin, 2010 | ||
| Muscarinic acetylcholine agonist—Scopolamine | Systemic | Kelley et al., 2007 | ||
| Transcription inhibitor—NF-κB | Intraventricular | Yang et al., 2011 | ||
| -cdK5 | BLA | Li et al., 2010 | ||
| -ERK | Frontal cortex | Li et al., 2008 | ||
| Odor-reward discrimination | NMDA antagonist—AP5 | Intraventricular | Torras-Garcia et al., 2005 | |
| Enhancement | NMDA agonist—d-cycloserine | BLA | Lee et al., 2009 | |
| Conditioned reinforcement | ||||
| Odor-reward discrimination | NMDA agonist—d-cycloserine | BLA | Portero-Tresserra et al., 2013 | |
| Conditioned place preference | NMDA agonist—d-cycloserine | Systemic | Kelley et al., 2007 |