Table 1.
Bacterial identification and screening for polyketide synthase (PKS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), and amidinotransferase (AMT) genes related to tetrodotoxin (TTX)-biosynthesis in bacterial isolates from Hapalochlaena sp.
| Strain | Closest 16S rRNA gene BLAST matcha | Identity | PCR screening | TTX | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (%) | PKS | NRPS | AMT | Detectionb | ||
| HM BE02 | Alteromonadales bacterium HOT3G5 (HQ537362.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
| HM BE03 | Alteromonas sp. S2542 (FJ457277.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
| HM BE04 | Alteromonas sp. S2542 (FJ457277.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
| HM BE05 | Pseudoalteromonas sp. AmSamW21 (GU903211.1) | 99 | + | - | - | - |
| HM BE06 | Vibrio rotiferianus isolate AP17 (HE584775.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
| HM LI01 | Nautellaitalica strain R-28753 (AM944522.1) | 99 | - | - | + | NT |
| HM LI02 | Alteromonas sp. S2542 (FJ457277.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
| HM LI03 | Pseudoalteromonadaceae bacterium S3 (HQ164448.1) | 100 | - | - | - | NT |
| HM LI04 | Nautellaitalica strain R-28753 (AM944522.1) | 99 | - | - | - | NT |
| HM LI05 | Alteromonas sp. S2542 (FJ457277.1) | 99 | - | - | - | NT |
| HM LI06 | Pseudoalteromonas sp. AKA07-4 (AB571944.1) | 99 | - | - | - | NT |
| HM OE02 | Pseudoalteromonadaceae bacterium S3 (HQ164448.1) | 100 | - | - | + | NT |
| HM OE03 | Alteromonas sp. CF14-3 (FJ170033.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
| HM OE04 | Thalassomonas sp. PaD1.04 (GQ391976.1) | 98 | - | - | - | - |
| HM OE07 | Pseudoalteromonas sp. TB51 (JF273853.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
| HM OE08 | Colwellia sp. KMD002 (EU599214.3) | 98 | - | - | - | NT |
| HM OE09 | Pseudoalteromonadaceae bacterium S3 (HQ164448.1) | 99 | + | - | + | NT |
| HM SA02 | Pseudoalteromonas sp. AKA07-4 (AB571944.1) | 99 | + | + | + | - |
| HM SA03 | Pseudoalteromonadaceae bacterium S3 (HQ164448.1) | 99 | + | + | + | - |
| HM SA04 | Pseudoalteromonas sp. NW 4327 strain NW (FR839670.1) | 99 | + | - | - | NT |
| HM SA05 | Marinomonas communis strain LMG 2864 (DQ011528.1) | 99 | - | - | - | NT |
| HM SA06 | Alteromonas sp. KB19 (HM583350.1) | 99 | - | - | - | - |
a NCBI Genbank accession numbers are indicated in brackets; b NT indicates that the sample was not tested for its ability to produce TTX. The detection limit of TTX using the LC-MS method was 0.1 ng/mL.