Table 1.
Patient Characteristics*
| Characteristic | Overall |
Oral Hypoglycemics |
Long-Acting Insulin |
Statins |
ACE Inhibitors/ARBs |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medicare | VA | Medicare | VA | Medicare | VA | Medicare | VA | Medicare | VA | |
| Patients, n (%) | 1 061 095 (100) | 510 485 (100) | 780 738 (73.6) | 377 435 (73.9) | 231 869 (21.9) | 113 736 (22.3) | 668 989 (63.0) | 385 196 (75.5) | 733 176 (69.1) | 373 321 (73.1) |
| Mean age (SD), y | 74.6 (6.9) | 75.0 (6.4) | 74.4 (6.8) | 74.8 (6.4) | 74.0 (6.7) | 74.0 (6.2) | 74.2 (6.6) | 74.8 (6.3) | 74.4 (6.8) | 74.7 (6.3) |
| Male, % | 38.1 | 98.6 | 38.7 | 98.7 | 36.0 | 98.7 | 38.6 | 98.7 | 37.1 | 98.7 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | ||||||||||
| White | 78.2 | 86.5 | 78.1 | 87.3 | 74.6 | 83.1 | 78.3 | 86.9 | 77.0 | 86.0 |
| Black | 12.1 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 9.6 | 16.1 | 13.5 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 12.9 | 10.8 |
| Hispanic | 3.8 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 1.0 |
| Other | 5.9 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 2.2 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 2.2 | 6.1 | 2.3 |
| Number of Charlson Comorbidity Index conditions, %† |
||||||||||
| 0 | 52.4 | 48.9 | 56.0 | 51.3 | 37.9 | 38.4 | 53.0 | 47.8 | 52.8 | 48.3 |
| 1−2 | 37.0 | 44.4 | 35.3 | 43.1 | 43.3 | 49.8 | 36.3 | 45.0 | 36.6 | 44.6 |
| ≥3 | 10.6 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 5.6 | 18.8 | 11.8 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 10.7 | 7.1 |
| Serious mental illness, %‡ | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 |
| Number of diabetes complications, % | ||||||||||
| 0 | 82.1 | 75.8 | 83.1 | 77.8 | 66.2 | 55.5 | 81.2 | 75.3 | 81.1 | 74.5 |
| 1−2 | 17.3 | 23.5 | 16.5 | 21.7 | 31.8 | 42.0 | 18.1 | 23.9 | 18.3 | 24.7 |
| ≥3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Number of oral diabetes medications, % | ||||||||||
| 0 | 26.4 | 26.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 41.9 | 40.7 | 22.8 | 11.0 | 23.1 | 11.1 |
| 1 | 43.9 | 45.4 | 59.7 | 61.5 | 34.4 | 37.3 | 44.1 | 53.3 | 44.2 | 52.4 |
| 2 | 22.9 | 24.5 | 31.2 | 33.1 | 18.0 | 19.0 | 25.1 | 30.4 | 25.0 | 31.1 |
| 3 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 8.2 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 7.1 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 5.1 |
| ≥4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Estimated annual household income, $§ | 50 863 | 50 007 | 50 821 | 49 826 | 49 062 | 48 762 | 51 425 | 50 122 | 50 708 | 49 790 |
| No or limited copayment, %∥ | 42.5 | 31.5 | 42.5 | 30.8 | 53.1 | 35.2 | 42.7 | 30.5 | 43.7 | 31.9 |
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin-receptor blocker; VA = Veterans Affairs.
“Medicare” refers to patients enrolled in fee-for-service Parts A and B and stand-alone Part D. “Statins” denotes 3-hydroxy-3-methyl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
Excluding diabetes.
Defined by the presence of an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code for schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, bipolar, delusion and paranoid disorders, and other nonorganic psychoses.
Based on ZIP code–level median incomes from a 2006 extrapolation of 2000 Census data.
In Part D, we measure the percentage of patients with a full year of low-income subsidy; in the VA, we measure the percentage without any copayment for the entire year.