Table 2. Neural responses during fear conditioning and extinction learning.
Peak activations during fear conditioning and extinction learning in the control and schizophrenia groups, and clusters of activation which showed significantly greater activation in the control compared to the schizophrenia group are listed. There were no regions that showed significantly greater activation in the schizophrenia group compared to the controls. Within-group or between-group differences for the CS+ > CS− contrast are listed, except in the case of Early Fear Conditioning for the schizophrenia group, for which only clusters of CS− > CS+ activation were found (indicated with gray shading). 17 controls and 18 patients are included in these analyses (two patients were excluded due to excessive head movement, see Methods). BA = Brodmann Area; Tal = Talairach; R = right; L = left.
| Controls: | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Fear Conditioning (CS+ > CS−) | |||||
| Region | BA | Area (mm3) | Tal (x,y,z) | Peak P-value | Z |
| L thalamus, brainstem | 84392 | −10, −21, −7 | 4 x 10−8 | 5.51 | |
| R lateral occipital cortex | 18 | 3784 | 42, −85, −8 | 2 x 10−7 | 5.21 |
| L entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala | 28 | 6304 | −20, −14, −24 | 6 x 10−6 | 4.53 |
| L superior temporal sulcus | 22 | 4808 | −50, −55, −17 | 9 x 10−6 | 4.44 |
| R fusiform gyrus | 37 | 3592 | 32, −56, −12 | 5 x 10−5 | 4.06 |
| L insula | 3760 | −38, 13, −1 | 3 x 10−4 | 3.62 | |
| Late Fear Conditioning (CS+ > CS−) | |||||
| Region | BA | Area (mm3) | Tal (x,y,z) | Peak P-value | Z |
|
| |||||
| R hippocampus | 2792 | 20, −34, −1 | 1 x 10−4 | 3.89 | |
| Early Extinction Learning (CS+ > CS−) | |||||
| Region | BA | Area (mm3) | Tal (x,y,z) | Peak P-value | Z |
|
| |||||
| R brainstem, thalamus | 6432 | 4, −18, −20 | 1 x10−5 | 4.42 | |
| Schizophrenia Patients: | |||||
| Early Fear Conditioning (CS− > CS+)* | |||||
| Region | BA | Area (mm3) | Tal (x,y,z) | Peak P-value | Z |
|
| |||||
| L posterior cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal cortex | 31, 39 | 5552 | −32, −58, 22 | 3 x 10−5 | 4.17 |
| R posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, inferior parietal cortex | 23, 40 | 4528 | 30, −52, 27 | 8 x 10−5 | 3.95 |
| Control > Schizophrenia: | |||||
| Early Fear Conditioning (CS+ > CS−) | |||||
| Region | BA | Area (mm3) | Tal (x,y,z) | Peak P-value | Z |
|
| |||||
| L posterior cingulate gyrus thalamus, brainstem | 23 | 53632 | −8, −42, 27 | 4 x 10−7 | 5.08 |
| 4880 | −8, −19, −3 | 3 x 10−5 | 4.17 | ||
| Late Fear Conditioning (CS+ > CS−) | |||||
| Region | BA | Area (mm3) | Tal (x,y,z) | Peak P-value | Z |
|
| |||||
| R hippocampus, thalamus | 2968 | 18, −34, −1 | 5 x 10−5 | 4.06 | |