Table 1.
Characteristics of adults aged 19- 64 years by income group in the KNHANES 2007-2009 survey
| Variable | Male | Female | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p | ||
| n=1105 | n=1107 | n=1101 | n=1109 | n=1629 | n=1650 | n=1691 | n=1671 | ||||
| Education | |||||||||||
| Elementary school or less | 217 (19.6) | 160 (14.5) | 98 (8.9) | 58 (5.2) | <0.001 | 444 (27.3) | 396 (24.0) | 274 (16.2) | 155 (9.3) | <0.001 | |
| Middle school | 177 (16.0) | 147 (13.3) | 112 (10.2) | 87 (7.8) | 241 (14.8) | 216 (13.1) | 185 (10.9) | 165 (9.9) | |||
| High school | 502 (45.4) | 491 (44.4) | 465 (42.2) | 394 (35.5) | 684 (42.0) | 704 (42.7) | 715 (42.3) | 638 (38.2) | |||
| University or more | 209 (18.9) | 309 (27.9) | 426 (38.7) | 570 (51.4) | 260 (16.0) | 334 (20.2) | 517 (30.6) | 713 (42.7) | |||
| Occupation | |||||||||||
| Manager or professional | 106 (9.6) | 119 (10.9) | 217 (20.0) | 313 (28.6) | <0.001 | 102 (6.3) | 117 (7.1) | 197 (11.7) | 299 (18.0) | <0.001 | |
| Officer | 53 (4.8) | 117 (10.7) | 128 (11.8) | 162 (14.8) | 70 (4.3) | 94 (5.7) | 114 (6.8) | 183 (11.0) | |||
| Employee in service or sales | 121 (11.0) | 178 (16.2) | 172 (15.9) | 147 (13.4) | 270 (16.6) | 299 (18.2) | 258 (15.3) | 202 (12.1) | |||
| Farmer or fisherman | 140 (12.7) | 102 (9.3) | 84 (7.7) | 76 (6.9) | 119 (7.3) | 114 (6.9) | 93 (5.5) | 75 (4.5) | |||
| Technician | 248 (22.5) | 300 (27.4) | 262 (24.2) | 200 (18.3) | 60 (3.7) | 60 (3.6) | 53 (3.1) | 33 (2.0) | |||
| Manual labor | 131 (11.9) | 105 (9.6) | 81 (7.5) | 56 (5.1) | 223 (13.7) | 178 (10.8) | 133 (7.9) | 85 (5.1) | |||
| Other (including housewife) | 301 (27.4) | 175 (16.0) | 140 (12.9) | 141 (12.9) | 779 (48.0) | 782 (47.6) | 836 (49.6) | 786 (47.3) | |||
| Obesity indexa | |||||||||||
| Underweight | 37 (3.3) | 34 (3.1) | 37 (3.4) | 19 (1.7) | 0.104 | 91 (5.6) | 78 (4.7) | 97 (5.7) | 124 (7.4) | <0.001 | |
| Normal | 665 (60.2) | 625 (56.5) | 655 (59.5) | 648 (58.4) | 1030 (63.2) | 1071 (64.9) | 1225 (72.4) | 1180 (70.6) | |||
| Overweight | 357 (32.3) | 397 (35.9) | 374 (34.0) | 399 (36.0) | 413 (25.4) | 424 (25.7) | 326 (19.3) | 328 (19.6) | |||
| Obesity | 46 (4.2) | 51 (4.6) | 35 (3.2) | 43 (3.9) | 95 (5.8) | 77 (4.7) | 43 (2.5) | 39 (2.3) | |||
| Skipping meal | |||||||||||
| Breakfast | 307 (27.8) | 287 (25.9) | 290 (26.4) | 261 (23.6) | 0.142 | 397 (24.4) | 398 (24.1) | 418 (24.7) | 429 (25.7) | 0.737 | |
| Lunch | 99 (9.0) | 76 (6.9) | 59 (5.4) | 65 (5.9) | 0.004 | 188 (11.5) | 160 (9.7) | 147 (8.7) | 131 (7.8) | 0.002 | |
| Dinner | 75 (6.8) | 53 (4.8) | 66 (6.0) | 51 (4.6) | 0.076 | 163 (10.0) | 156 (9.5) | 120 (7.1) | 136 (8.1) | 0.013 | |
| Eating out | |||||||||||
| More than once per day | 91 (8.2) | 130 (11.7) | 153 (13.9) | 177 (16.0) | <0.001 | 62 (3.8) | 49 (3.0) | 65 (3.9) | 68 (4.1) | <0.001 | |
| Once per day | 178 (16.1) | 242 (21.9) | 287 (26.1) | 283 (25.5) | 137 (8.4) | 124 (7.5) | 172 (10.2) | 170 (10.2) | |||
| One to six times per wk | 443 (40.1) | 475 (42.9) | 462 (42.0) | 490 (44.2) | 499 (30.7) | 634 (38.5) | 750 (44.4) | 831 (49.8) | |||
| Less than four times per mo | 392 (35.5) | 260 (23.5) | 199 (18.1) | 159 (14.3) | 929 (57.1) | 841 (51.0) | 701 (41.5) | 601 (36.0) | |||
| Household food security status | |||||||||||
| Fully food-secure | 353 (32.0) | 436 (39.4) | 510 (46.3) | 619 (55.9) | <0.001 | 508 (31.3) | 617 (37.4) | 773 (45.7) | 947 (56.7) | <0.001 | |
| Marginally food-secure | 586 (53.1) | 611 (55.2) | 555 (50.4) | 476 (43.0) | 876 (53.9) | 920 (55.8) | 855 (50.6) | 697 (41.8) | |||
| Food-insecure without hunger | 133 (12.0) | 54 (4.9) | 33 (3.0) | 11 (1.0) | 200 (12.3) | 99 (6.0) | 59 (3.5) | 22 (1.3) | |||
| Food-insecure with hunger | 32 (2.9) | 6 (0.5) | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 41 (2.5) | 13 (0.8) | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | |||
aThe obesity index was defined using WHO obesity criteria: underweight, <18.5 kg/m2; normal, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; overweight, 25-29.9 kg/m2; obese, > 30 kg/m2.
Data are presented as n (%). Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are mean income quartiles from the lowest to the highest income.