Table 4.
Characteristics of participants by serum 25(OH)D concentrations
| All (n = 320) | Deficiency |
Sufficiency |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <20 ng/mL (n = 204) | ≥20 ng/mL (n = 116) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.6 ± 2.7 | 19.8 ± 2.7 | 19.3 ± 2.6 | 0.1755 |
| BMI-z | 0.05 ± 0.91 | 0.10 ± 0.88 | −0.41 ± 0.95 | 0.1686 |
| WC (cm) | 70.3 ± 7.1 | 70.8 ± 7.0 | 69.4 ± 7.2 | 0.0901 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 107.1 ± 9.5 | 108.0 ± 9.3 | 105.5 ± 9.7 | 0.0199 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.5 ± 8.4 | 70.0 ± 8.2 | 68.8 ± 8.7 | 0.2109 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 88.5 ± 7.5 | 89.0 ± 7.7 | 87.5 ± 6.9 | 0.1088∗ |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 10.5 ± 4.7 | 11.0 ± 5.0 | 9.7 ± 4.0 | 0.0358∗ |
| HOMA-IR | 2.32 ± 1.10 | 2.44 ± 1.17 | 2.11 ± 0.93 | 0.0325∗ |
| QUICKI | 0.149 ± 0.01 | 0.148 ± 0.01 | 0.151 ± 0.127 | 0.0454∗ |
| TG (mg/dL) | 76.5 ± 35.3 | 77.5 ± 36.6 | 74.7 ± 32.8 | 0.5532∗ |
| TC (mg/dL) | 166.4 ± 27.2 | 165.5 ± 29.1 | 168.0 ± 23.6 | 0.2681∗ |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59.0 ± 10.4 | 58.4 ± 10.4 | 60.1 ± 10.3 | 0.1373∗ |
| Metabolic risk score‡ | 0.00 ± 2.44 | 0.23 ± 2.51 | −0.41 ± 2.28 | 0.0241 |
| Dietary intake (n = 279) | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1675.8 ± 301.7 | 1696.4 ± 298.9 | 1635.3 ± 304.8 | 0.1098 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 3.0 ± 3.1 | 3.0 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 4.0 | 0.5914 |
| AI of vitamin D (%) | 37 (13.26) | 24 (12.97) | 13 (13.83) | 0.8419† |
| Ca (mg) | 466.4 ± 178.7 | 468.4 ± 180.9 | 462.3 ± 175.0 | 0.7884 |
Values are expressed as the mean ± SD or n (%). 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; AI = adequate intake; BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; QUICKI = quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SD = standard deviation; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; WC = waist circumference.
p values between deficiency group and sufficiency group were obtained by t test for log transformed variable.
p values between deficiency group and sufficiency group were obtained by χ2 test.
Metabolic risk score (z-score) was calculated as the sum of the five z-scores (BMI, SBP, TG, HDL-C, and HOMA-IR).