Table 1.
PUFAs and cardiovascular disease.
| PUFA effects | |
|---|---|
| (1) Anti-inflammatory | (a) ↓NF-κB activation |
| (b) EPA and DHA compete with AA for COX & 5-lipo-oxygenase enzymatic sites | |
| ⇓ | |
| Reduce the production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α | |
| (c) ↑Anti inflammatory eicosanoids | |
|
| |
| (2) Cardiac energetic | (a) ↑ATP generation |
| (b) ↓O2 consumption | |
| (c) ↓Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium concentration | |
| ⇓ | |
| Maintain normal mitochondrial function | |
|
| |
| (3) Antiarrhythmic | (a) ↑Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase activity |
| (b) Inhibit fast voltage-dependent Na+ channels (I Na) | |
| (c) Inhibit L-type Ca2+ channels (I Ca,L) | |
| ⇓ | |
| Membrane stabilization | |
| (d) Reduced automaticity | |
| (e) Increased relative refractory period | |
|
| |
| (4) Hemodynamics | (a) Improved endothelium-independent and dependent vasodilatation |
| (b) ↓ET-1 | |
| (c) ↑NO | |
| ⇓ | |
| Improved endothelium dysfunction | |
|
| |
| (5) Ventricular remodeling and fibrosis | (a) ↑PPARγ → ↑adiponectin |
| ⇓ | |
| Attenuates ventricular remodeling | |
|
| |
| (6) Vascular | (a) ↓Platelet aggregation via ↓TXA2 |
| (b) ↓VCAM-1, ELAM-1, ICAM-1 | |
| (c) ↓monocyte endothelial adherence via ↓PAF | |
EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; AA: arachidonic acid; ET-1: endothelin-1; NO: nitric oxide; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferation-activated receptors-γ; TX A2: thromboxane A2; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion protein 1; ELAM-1: endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; PAF: platelet activating factor; COX: cyclooxygenase.