Table 4.
Multivariate* odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of non-advanced and advanced stage† of colorectal adenomas by quintiles of energy-adjusted carotenoid intake in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1986∼2006
| Quintile of carotenoid intake |
P for common effects by stage for quintile 5§ |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carotenoid | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| (referent) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | P for trend‡ | |||
| Dietary α-carotene | ||||||||
| Non-advanced stage | 1 | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | 0.39 | 0.50 | |
| Advanced stage | 1 | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) | 0.91 (0.76–1.08) | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 0.86 | ||
| Total β-carotene (diet+supplement) | ||||||||
| Non-advanced stage | 1 | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 0.76 (0.65–0.90) | 0.75 (0.64–0.89) | 0.71 (0.60–0.85) | <.001 | 0.20 | |
| Advanced stage | 1 | 1.00 (0.85–1.19) | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 0.81 (0.68–0.98) | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) | 0.01 | ||
| Dietary β-carotene (diet only) | ||||||||
| Non-advanced stage | 1 | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) | 0.69 (0.59–0.82) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) | 0.66 (0.55–0.78) | <.001 | 0.35 | |
| Advanced stage | 1 | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.74 (0.61–0.90) | <.001 | ||
| Dietary β-cryptoxanthin | ||||||||
| Non-advanced stage | 1 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) | 0.23 | 0.99 | |
| Advanced stage | 1 | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) | 1.16 (0.97–1.37) | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 0.24 | ||
| Dietary lycopene | ||||||||
| Non-advanced stage | 1 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | 0.03 | 0.58 | |
| Advanced stage | 1 | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.80 (0.67–0.96) | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.14 | ||
| Dietary lutein+zeaxanthin | ||||||||
| Non-advanced stage | 1 | 0.79 (0.68–0.93) | 0.76 (0.65–0.90) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.05 | 0.20 | |
| Advanced stage | 1 | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) | 0.42 | ||
| Total carotenoid score‖ | ||||||||
| Non-advanced stage | 1 | 0.76 (0.65–0.90) | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.51 | |
| Advanced stage | 1 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) | 0.28 | ||
Abbreviations = OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
Adjusted for the same variables as in the multivariate model in table 2.
Non-advanced stage adenomas were defined as adenomas smaller than 1cm in diameter and with tubular histology (No. of cases =1780) and advanced stage adenomas were defined as adenomas 1cm or larger in diameter or having tubulo-villous or villous histology or carcinoma in situ (No. of cases =1679)
P for trend was calculated using the Wald test statistic.
P for common effects by stage for quintile 5 was calculated using a contrast test.
The total carotenoid score was derived from summing the quintile scores for total β-carotene intake and dietary intakes of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin