Table 2.

Alcohol-use disorder severity predicting first-incidence of depressive disorders

Predictor at baseline	First-incident depressive disorder at 3-year follow-up
	ORa	95% CI	p	ORb	95% CI	p
Alcohol-use disorder severity	1.14	1.06–1.22	0.0006	1.10	1.01–1.19	0.02
Sociodemographics
Female gender	2.22	1.92–2.63	<0.0001	2.04	1.72–2.44	<0.0001
Age:
18–29 years	1.52	1.24–1.86	0.0001	1.68	1.36–2.07	<0.0001
30–39 years	1.40	1.16–1.70	0.0008	1.40	1.14–1.72	0.002
40–49 years	1.53	1.26–1.85	<0.0001	1.43	1.17–1.75	0.0006
50+ years	Reference			Reference
Race/ethnicity:
White	Reference			Reference
Hispanic	1.16	0.95–1.40	0.14	1.19	0.98–1.43	0.07
Black	0.79	0.64–0.98	0.03	0.80	0.64–1.00	0.05
Asian	0.76	0.53–1.09	0.14	0.87	0.61–1.25	0.45
Native American	1.53	0.92–2.53	0.10	1.39	0.83–2.32	0.21
Education: some college or beyond	0.80	0.69–0.93	0.004	0.83	0.71–0.96	0.02
Marital status: married	0.82	0.71–0.94	0.005	0.82	0.71–0.94	0.005
Smoking
Smoking status:
Never	–	–	–	Reference
Former smoker	–	–	–	1.16	0.93–1.45	0.22
Current smoker	–	–	–	1.15	0.97–1.36	0.15
General vulnerability factors
FH of depressive disorders (yes)	–	–	–	1.17	0.98–1.40	0.09
FH of alcohol dependence (yes)	–	–	–	1.04	0.88–1.23	0.64
Childhood trauma:
No	–	–	–	Reference
1 type	–	–	–	1.65	1.38–1.96	<0.0001
2 types	–	–	–	1.90	1.49–2.43	<0.0001
3+ types	–	–	–	3.01	2.37–3.81	<0.0001
Psychiatric co-morbidity
Conduct disorder (yes)	–	–	–	0.55	0.32–0.94	0.03
Anxiety disorder (yes)	–	–	–	1.48	1.21–1.82	0.0003
Subthreshold disorders
Number of lifetime MDD symptoms	–	–	–	1.11	1.09–1.14	<0.0001
Number of lifetime dysthymia symptoms	–	–	–	1.04	0.96–1.13	0.33

OR, odds ratio; FH, family history; MDD, major depressive disorder.

^aAdjusted for sociodemographics.

^bAdjusted for sociodemographics, smoking status, general vulnerability factors, psychiatric co-morbidity and subthreshold depressive disorders.