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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2012 Oct 5;108(1):115–123. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04010.x

Table 2.

Type of major depression and time (number of weeks after hospital discharge) to substance outcome events.

Hazards ratios (95% CI)a
Type of major depression
% Prior-onset
Independent (n = 37)		 Independent
(n = 78)		 Substance-induced
(n = 62)
Alcohol-dependent patients (n = 188)b
  Time from discharge to 1st use of alcohol 0.83 (0.48–1.44) 1.52 (1.02–2.26)* 4.66 (2.02–10.79)**
  Remission of dependence (26+ weeks) 71.8 1.12 (0.63–1.99) 0.76 (0.47–1.21) 0.40 (0.12–1.29)
  Relapse to dependence (after 26-week remission) 31.1 1.04 (0.35–3.06) 2.25(1.05–4.87)* –
  Relapse to use (after 26-week remission) 46.0 2.01 (0.60–6.79) 1.26 (0.46–3.47) –
Cocaine-dependent patients (n = 144)c
  Time from discharge to 1st use of cocaine 2.10(1.16–3.75)* 1.61 (0.96–2.71) 5.30 (1.82–15.46)**
  Remission of dependence (26+ weeks) 74.3 0.43 (0.22–0.85)* 1.22 (0.70–2.11) 0.20 (0.03–1.47)
  Relapse to dependence (after 26-week remission) 27.1 1.38 (0.40–4.68) 2.66 (1.07–6.62)* –
  Relapse to use (after 26-week remission) 34.6 1.61 (0.58–.46) 3.01 (1.23–7.67)** –
Heroin-dependent patients (n = 49)d
  Time from discharge to 1st use of heroin 1.20 (0.51–2.81) 2.56 (1.12–5.85)* 6.47 (1.58–26.56)*
  Remission of dependence (26+ weeks) 79.6 0.27 (0.08–0.88)* 0.81 (0.31–2.12) 0.09 (0.01–0.77)*
  Relapse to dependence (after 26-week remission) 30.8 0.46 (0.11–3.72) 4.85 (0.83–28.53) –
  Relapse to use (after 26-week remission) 35.9 1.05 (0.23–.80) 3.46 (0.71–16.86) –
a

Hazard ratios derived from Cox proportional hazard models controlling for age, gender, education, race, other psychiatric disorders (panic, generalized anxiety, specific and social phobia, post-traumatic stress, antisocial personality) and any follow-up treatment.

b

Controlling for baseline (past-month) cocaine and/or heroin dependence.

c

Controlling for baseline (past-month) alcohol and/or heroin dependence.

d

Controlling for baseline (past-month) alcohol and/or cocaine dependence. Hazard ratios <1.0 indicates decreased likelihood of the event (e.g. remission).

*

P < 0.05

**

P < 0.01. –: In models of relapse, we analyzed time-varying abstinence MDD only, as an episode of substance-induced MDD cannot begin during abstinence/remission. Remission is defined as 26+ consecutive weeks with no substance-specific dependence or abuse symptoms. Relapse could only occur after the 26th week of remission. Bold type indicates significant values. CI: confidence interval.