Table 3.

Effects of Family Type and Marital Status on Disability, Institutionalization, and Longevity, by Gender

Months to event for reference groups [in brackets] and percentage increase/decrease relative to reference group
Variable	Development of disability	Nursing home entry	Death
Family type
Male, only stepchildren	−6.3	−13.1	−14.0†
Male, blended family	−1.2	−10.7	−9.5†
Male, no children	−3.6	−18.8*	−7.9
Male, only biological children	[100.0]	[402.2]	[126.2]
Female, only stepchildren	−14.0†	−27.4*	−12.0
Female, blended family	9.8†	−5.3	16.1†
Female, no children	0.7	−12.0*	−6.7
Female, only biological children	[90.0]	[274.4]	[149.4]
Marital status
Male, divorced	−6.1	−17.0†	−19.0†
Male, widowed	−2.9	−19.6†	−7.7
Male, married	[100.0]	[406.7]	[126.4]
Female, divorced	−5.5	−4.5	−5.2
Female, widowed	1.3	−11.9†	−5.8
Female, married	[90.1]	[286.5]	[154.0]

Note: All adjusted time-to-event estimates are based on models stratified by gender and control for respondents’ health and functioning and other demographic and economic characteristics. Adjusted time to event represents the change associated with having the characteristic (e.g., having only stepchildren) versus not having the characteristic, relative to the relevant reference category. Reference categories for adjusted outcomes are shown as days to event; differences from each characteristic to its reference are shown as percentage points relative to the reference category. Italic entries indicate reference categories; numeric entries for reference categories represent adjusted time to event in absolute terms.

^†p ≤ .10.

^*p < .05.