Isobutanol production with RUTC30/NV3 bicultures on 20 g/L AFEX pretreated CS (21). Error bars are ±SD for n = 2 biological replicates. (A) Isobutanol concentration over time. (B) Carbohydrate conversion (percentage consumed) and isobutanol yield. ara, arabinose; cry cel, crystalline cellulose; glc, hemicellulose-derived glucose; Inoc, inoculation; xyl, xylose. For reference, relative proportions of major AFEX pretreated CS carbohydrates are shown to the right; more details are provided in SI Appendix, Table S7.