Figure 1.

Behavioral experimental apparatus and results. (A) To record the movement of the participants during the experiment, infrared markers were placed on the radius and ulna bones of the wrist, on the elbow and the shoulder of each arm, (B) on either side of the hips (the iliac crests), and along the midline at the level of lumbar vertebra L5 and cervical vertebra C7. The participants stood on a floor force plate and, in the punching tasks, struck a vertical force plate with their right hand. (C) Mean velocity profiles for the expert group, immediately before and after punching on the 5 cm task. (D) The temporal difference between the peak velocities of the wrist and shoulder of the right hand when punching from a distance of 5 cm was significantly smaller in the karate expert group (blue) and the controls (white).