Late talker measure	Participants (N)		Unadjusted
	Weak ability	Typical ability	OR	95% CI
Risk for age 8 weak oral language
Vocabulary above 10th percentile (referent)	46	198
Vocabulary below 10th percentile	26	43	2.6	[1.5, 4.7]
Combining words often (referent)	27	161
Not yet combining words	16	18	5.3	[2.4, 11.6]
Combining words some	24	60	2.4	[1.3, 4.5]
Risk for age 8 weak word reading
Vocabulary above 10th percentile (referent)	73	254
Vocabulary below 10th percentile	28	52	1.9	[1.1, 3.2]
Combining words often (referent)	46	186
Not yet combining words	18	35	2.1	[1.1, 4.0]
Combining words some	33	81	1.6	[1.0, 2.8]
Risk for age 8 weak reading comprehension
Vocabulary above 10th percentile (referent)	22	103
Vocabulary below 10th percentile	13	22	3.6	[1.5, 8.4]
Risk for age 8 poor reading comprehension (continued)
Combining words often (referent)	9	79
Not yet combining words	9	9	8.8	[2.8, 27.8]
Combining sometimes	14	31	4.0	[1.6, 10.1]
Risk for age 8 weak math ability
Vocabulary above 10th percentile (referent)	30	137
Vocabulary below 10th percentile	17	30	3.0	[1.4, 6.2]
Combining words often (referent)	18	107
Not yet combining words	13	15	5.2	[2.1, 12.6]
Combining sometimes	14	38	2.2	[1.0, 4.8]

Notes. Children with weak oral language at age 8 scored 1 SD or more below the mean on at least 2 of 4 oral language measures,or 2 SD or more below the mean on 1 oral language measure (Cohen, Davine, Horodezky, Lipsett, & Isaacson, 1993). Children with weak academic abilities (word reading, reading comprehension, broad math) scored at the 25th percentile or below on the relevant subtest (Word Attack, Passage Comprehension, Broad Math) of the Woodcock–Johnson Psychoeducational Battery, Revised (Woodcock & Johnson, 1990).