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Hypothetical model depicting possible interactions between bladder nerves, urothelial cells, smooth muscle, interstitial cells, and blood vessels. Urothelial cells can also be targets for transmitters released from nerves or other cell types. Urothelial cells can be activated by either autocrine (i.e., autoregulation) or paracrine (release from nearby nerves or other cells) mechanisms. [Modified from Kanai et al. (153a), with permission from John Wiley and Sons, Inc.]
